{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T09:07:16Z","timestamp":1789376836242,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789171200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH) is a qualitative enamel defect affecting pediatric populations, predisposing to hypersensitivity, caries, and post-eruptive breakdown, and potentially impacting oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL). Therefore, the primary aim of the present umbrella review was to evaluate the overall OHRQoL among pediatric subjects with MIH, as well as individual domains from both children and parents. Secondary aims were to evaluate the influence of MIH severity, extent\/distribution pattern, age, and dentition status on overall- and domain-specific OHRQoL outcomes, and to assess the impact of different dental treatments on OHRQoL. Methods: Following PRISMA guidelines and PROSPERO registration, six systematic reviews were included. To address metric heterogeneity, mean scores were normalized into a 0\u2013100% descriptive percentage impact index. Treatment-related changes were calculated as percentage improvements. Results: A total of 4028 respondents (3193 children and 835 parents\/caregivers) were evaluated for OHRQoL. The overall impact on children and parents was highest in the oral domain (26.43%), followed by the psychological (20.25%), functional (19.50%), and social (11.75%) domains. Parental underestimation of MIH was consistently observed across all domains. Children in early mixed dentition reported a higher perceived impact than those in late mixed\/permanent dentition (26.77% vs. 14.43%). In an exploratory subsample (n = 494), MIH severity appeared to impact OHRQoL, particularly in oral and functional domains. Overall, post-treatment OHRQoL improved across all domains, although evaluated in a limited sample (n = 491). Conclusions: MIH showed a relevant impact on pediatric OHRQoL. Notably, children consistently report a greater perceived impact than parents, suggesting potential parental underestimation. However, findings regarding dentition stage, MIH severity, and post-treatment improvements should be interpreted with caution, as heterogeneity in assessment tools, limited subsamples, and variable follow-up intervals precludes definitive conclusions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children13091235","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T08:10:23Z","timestamp":1789373423000},"page":"1235","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Oral Health-Related Quality of Life in Pediatric Subjects with Molar Incisor Hypomineralization: An Umbrella Review of Domain-Specific Impact and Treatment-Related Changes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Massimo","family":"Pisano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, \u201cScuola Medica Salernitana\u201d, University of Salerno, Baronissi, 84081 Salerno, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Sangiovanni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, \u201cScuola Medica Salernitana\u201d, University of Salerno, Baronissi, 84081 Salerno, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eugenio","family":"Frucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, \u201cScuola Medica Salernitana\u201d, University of Salerno, Baronissi, 84081 Salerno, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michela","family":"Scorziello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, \u201cScuola Medica Salernitana\u201d, University of Salerno, Baronissi, 84081 Salerno, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda del Carmen","family":"Villanueva-Vilchis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Public Health, National School of Higher Studies (ENES)-Leon, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Leon 37684, Guanajuato, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-6834-2142","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppina","family":"De Benedetto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, \u201cScuola Medica Salernitana\u201d, University of Salerno, Baronissi, 84081 Salerno, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s40368-021-00668-5","article-title":"Best Clinical Practice Guidance for Clinicians Dealing with Children Presenting with Molar-Incisor-Hypomineralisation (MIH): An Updated European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry Policy Document","volume":"23","author":"Lygidakis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Paediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1159\/000047479","article-title":"Molar\u2013Incisor Hypomineralisation","volume":"35","author":"Weerheijm","year":"2001","journal-title":"Caries Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bandeira Lopes, L., Garot, E., Elfrink, M., Sabel, N., Cardoso Martins, I., and Declerck, D. (2026). Molar Incisor Hypomineralisation (MIH) and Hypomineralised Second Primary Molars (HSPM): Do We Need to Alter Terminology and Definition? A Scoping Review. Eur. Arch. Paediatr. Dent., Epub ahead of print.","DOI":"10.1007\/s40368-026-01206-x"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-263X.2011.01189.x","article-title":"The Prevalence of Molar Incisor Hypomineralisation in Northern England and Its Relationship to Socioeconomic Status and Water Fluoridation","volume":"22","author":"Balmer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Paediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1111\/cdoe.12229","article-title":"Etiology of Molar Incisor Hypomineralization\u2014A Systematic Review","volume":"44","author":"Silva","year":"2016","journal-title":"Community Dent. Oral Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shields, S., Chen, T., Crombie, F., Manton, D.J., and Silva, M. (2024). The Impact of Molar Incisor Hypomineralisation on Children and Adolescents: A Narrative Review. Healthcare, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare12030370"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S651","DOI":"10.4103\/jpbs.JPBS_801_20","article-title":"Molar Incisor Hypomineralization: Clinical Characteristics with Special Emphasis on Etiological Criteria","volume":"13","author":"Goel","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Bioallied Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bdj.2018.814","article-title":"Molar Incisor Hypomineralisation (MIH)\u2014An Overview","volume":"225","author":"Almuallem","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/s40368-021-00646-x","article-title":"An Update of the Aetiological Factors Involved in Molar Incisor Hypomineralisation (MIH): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"23","author":"Garot","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Paediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e240066","DOI":"10.1590\/pboci.2025.040","article-title":"Analysis of the Internal Morphology of Root Canals in Teeth with Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization Using Cone Beam Tomography","volume":"25","author":"Reis","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pesqui. Bras. Odontopediatria Clin. Integr."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2009.09.002","article-title":"Mineral Density of Hypomineralised Enamel","volume":"38","author":"Farah","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.3109\/00016351003752395","article-title":"Chemical, Mechanical and Morphological Properties of Hypomineralized Enamel of Permanent First Molars","volume":"68","author":"Fagrell","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Odontol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.12968\/denu.2004.31.1.9","article-title":"Molar Incisor Hypomineralization (MIH): Clinical Presentation, Aetiology and Management","volume":"31","author":"Weerheijm","year":"2004","journal-title":"Dent. Update"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-024-05800-5","article-title":"Which Are the Clinical Consequences of Molar Incisor Hypomineralization (MIH) in Children and Adolescents? Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"28","author":"Gevert","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-263X.2007.00908.x","article-title":"Bacterial Invasion of Dentinal Tubules beneath Apparently Intact but Hypomineralized Enamel in Molar Teeth with Molar Incisor Hypomineralization","volume":"18","author":"Fagrell","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Paediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1111\/ipd.12425","article-title":"The Severity and Degree of Hypomineralisation in Teeth and Its Influence on Oral Hygiene and Caries Prevalence in Children","volume":"28","author":"Ebel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Paediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17922","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-95875-x","article-title":"Hypersensitivity in Teeth Affected by Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization (MIH)","volume":"11","author":"Linner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1159\/000495848","article-title":"Prevalence of Hypersensitivity in Teeth Affected by Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization (MIH)","volume":"53","author":"Raposo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Caries Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1111\/ipd.12040","article-title":"Distribution and Severity of Molar Hypomineralisation: Trial of a New Severity Index","volume":"24","author":"Oliver","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Paediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1111\/joor.13066","article-title":"Four-dimensional Oral Health-related Quality of Life Impact in Children: A Systematic Review","volume":"48","author":"Omara","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Oral Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1111\/adj.12449","article-title":"Dental Enamel Defects, Caries Experience and Oral Health-related Quality of Life: A Cohort Study","volume":"62","author":"Arrow","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aust. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/s40368-020-00556-4","article-title":"Molar\u2013Incisor Hypomineralization: Parent\u2019s and Children\u2019s Impact Perceptions on the Oral Health-Related Quality of Life","volume":"22","author":"Dias","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Paediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reissenberger, T., Ebel, M., Klode, C., Hirsch, C., and Bekes, K. (2022). Hypomineralized Teeth and Their Impact on Oral-Health-Related Quality of Life in Primary School Children. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191610409"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-51223-3","article-title":"Oral Health-Related Quality of Life and Survival Analysis after Preventive and Restorative Treatment of Molar-Incisor Hypomineralisation","volume":"14","author":"Sekundo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1111\/ipd.12482","article-title":"Impact of Molar Incisor Hypomineralization on Quality of Life in Children with Early Mixed Dentition: A Hierarchical Approach","volume":"29","author":"Portella","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Paediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.17796\/1053-4625-43.5.4","article-title":"Impact of Molar Incisor Hypomineralization on Oral Health-Related Quality of Life in Mexican Schoolchildren","volume":"43","author":"Ortega","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5205","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-021-03828-5","article-title":"Influence of Caries and Molar Incisor Hypomineralization on Oral Health-Related Quality of Life in Children","volume":"25","author":"Michaelis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vanh\u00e9e, T., Poncelet, J., Cheikh-Ali, S., and Bottenberg, P. (2022). Prevalence, Caries, Dental Anxiety and Quality of Life in Children with MIH in Brussels, Belgium. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11113065"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"6655771","article-title":"Incisor Molar Hypomineralization and Quality of Life: A Population-Based Study with Brazilian Schoolchildren","volume":"2021","author":"Laureano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 Statement: An Updated Guideline for Reporting Systematic Reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100046","DOI":"10.1016\/j.glmedi.2023.100046","article-title":"Formulating Research Questions for Evidence-Based Studies","volume":"2","author":"Hosseini","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Med. Surg. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"(1982). An epidemiological index of developmental defects of dental enamel (DDE Index). Commission on Oral Health, Research and Epidemiology. Int. Dent. J., 32, 159\u2013167."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1007\/s40368-017-0293-9","article-title":"Molar Incisor Hypomineralisation (MIH) Training Manual for Clinical Field Surveys and Practice","volume":"18","author":"Ghanim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Paediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327906MBR3403_2","article-title":"The Problem of Units and the Circumstance for POMP","volume":"34","author":"Cohen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Multivar. Behav. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101889","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jebdp.2023.101889","article-title":"Impact of Molar Incisor Hypomineralization on Oral Health-Related Quality of Life in 8\u201310 Years Old Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"23","author":"Amrollahi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Evid.-Based Dent. Pract."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.15644\/asc57\/4\/8","article-title":"Effect of Prevalence and Severity of Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization on Oral Health-Related Quality of Life: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"57","author":"Awwad","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Stomatol. Croat."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3425899","DOI":"10.1155\/ijod\/3425899","article-title":"Impact of Molar Incisor Hypomineralization on Oral Health-Related Quality of Life in Teenagers and Parental Perception: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"2025","author":"Hashemi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1007\/s40368-025-01114-6","article-title":"Impact of Treatment of Molar-Incisor Hypomineralisation on Children\u2019s Oral Health-Related Quality of Life: A Systematic Review","volume":"27","author":"Hoogeveen","year":"2026","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Paediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/s40368-021-00631-4","article-title":"Can Molar Incisor Hypomineralization Cause Dental Fear and Anxiety or Influence the Oral Health-Related Quality of Life in Children and Adolescents?\u2014A Systematic Review","volume":"23","author":"Sabel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Paediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.4103\/jisppd.jisppd_27_23","article-title":"Assessment of Oral Health-Related Quality of Life (OHRQoL) in Children with Molar Incisor Hypomineralization (MIH)\u2014A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies","volume":"40","author":"Jawdekar","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Indian Soc. Pedod. Prev. Dent."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2013.11.007","article-title":"Systematic Review Finds Overlapping Reviews Were Not Mentioned in Every Other Overview","volume":"67","author":"Pieper","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"162","article-title":"Do Hypomineralized Teeth Affect Parents\u2019 Emotional States and Attitudes More than Other Discoloration Conditions?","volume":"47","author":"Uyar","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alqadi, A., Mohaidat, D., and Taha, N.A. (2025). Parental Knowledge and Perception of Molar Incisor Hypomineralisation (MIH). Eur. Arch. Paediatr. Dent., Epub ahead of print.","DOI":"10.1007\/s40368-025-01144-0"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1111\/ipd.12271","article-title":"Do Parents and Children Perceive Molar\u2013Incisor Hypomineralization as an Oral Health Problem?","volume":"27","author":"Leal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Paediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.4103\/JCDE.JCDE_140_24","article-title":"Pulp Regeneration Treatment Using Different Bioactive Materials in Permanent Teeth of Pediatric Subjects","volume":"27","author":"Abdellatif","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Conserv. Dent. Endod."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1111\/ipd.70093","article-title":"Lived Experiences of Tooth Hypersensitivity in Children With Molar Incisor Hypomineralisation","volume":"36","author":"Monteiro","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int. J. Paediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ram\u00edrez-Trujillo, M.d.l.\u00c1., Villanueva-Vilchis, M.d.C., Aguilar-D\u00edaz, F.d.C., de la Fuente-Hern\u00e1ndez, J., Faustino-Silva, D.D., and Gait\u00e1n-Cepeda, L.A. (2021). Validation of an Instrument to Determine Oral Health Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices during Pregnancy. BMC Oral Health, 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-021-01898-1"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3421","DOI":"10.19082\/3421","article-title":"Parents\u2019 Oral Health Literacy and Its Impact on Their Children\u2019s Dental Health Status","volume":"8","author":"Khodadadi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Electron. Physician"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pisano, M., Bramanti, A., Di Spirito, F., Di Palo, M.P., De Benedetto, G., Amato, A., and Amato, M. (2025). Reviewing Mobile Dental Apps for Children with Cognitive and Physical Impairments and Ideating an App Tailored to Special Healthcare Needs. J. Clin. Med., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14062105"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gudipaneni, R.K., Alzabni, K.M.D., Alrashedi, F.F.A., Alruwaili, D.H.J., Albalawi, F.A., Alanazi, A.H., Alshamri, B.S., Almaeen, S.H., Manchery, N., and Bawazir, O.A. (2024). The Impact of Parental Dental Anxiety and Oral Health Literacy on Child Oral Health and Dental-Visit Patterns: A Cross-Sectional Study. BMC Oral Health, 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-024-04536-8"},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"26","article-title":"Parental Perception of the Importance of the Permanent First Molar in Their Children","volume":"87","author":"Jetpurwala","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Dent. Child."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_371_18","article-title":"Evaluation of Knowledge and Attitude of Parents about the Importance of Maintaining Primary Dentition\u2014A Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"8","author":"Ramakrishnan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Fam. Med. Prim. Care"},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"315","article-title":"Hypomineralised Second Primary Molars (HSPM): Prevalence, Clinical Characteristics and Association with Molar Incisor Hypomineralisation (MIH) in Children in Jordan","volume":"26","author":"Taha","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Paediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/s40368-019-00465-1","article-title":"What Children Say and Clinicians Hear: Accounts Relating to Incisor Hypomineralisation of Cosmetic Concern","volume":"21","author":"Large","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Paediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2025.106117","article-title":"The Influence of Molar Incisor Hypomineralization-Related Enamel Defects in Anterior Teeth on Peer Perception of Smile Esthetics in Children and Adolescents","volume":"163","author":"Sezer","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1007\/s40368-017-0301-0","article-title":"The W\u00fcrzburg MIH Concept: The MIH Treatment Need Index (MIH TNI)","volume":"18","author":"Steffen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Paediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"218","article-title":"Hypomineralized Teeth Have a Higher Frequency of Dental Hypersensitivity","volume":"43","author":"Lima","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"629","article-title":"Evaluation of Dental Fear and Dental Caries in Pediatric Patients with Molar Incisor Hypomineralization","volume":"23","author":"Bolaca","year":"2025","journal-title":"Oral Health Prev. Dent."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1007\/s40368-024-00923-5","article-title":"The Level of Dental Fear and Anxiety Is Higher in Children with Both Severe Molar-Incisor Hypomineralisation and Active Dental Caries Lesions Compared to Children without These Conditions","volume":"25","author":"Laverde","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Paediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.34071\/jmp.2025.2.3","article-title":"Impact of Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization on Oral Health-Related Quality of Life in Vietnamese Schoolchildren","volume":"15","author":"Le","year":"2025","journal-title":"T\u1ea1p Ch\u00ed Y D\u01b0\u1ee3c Hu\u1ebf"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.2340\/aos.v84.43856","article-title":"Impact of Molar Incisor Hypomineralization on Oral Health-Related Quality of Life, Dental Fear and Anxiety in Swedish Children","volume":"84","author":"Robertson","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Odontol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Spirito, F., Amato, A., D\u2019Ambrosio, F., Cannat\u00e0, D., Di Palo, M.P., Coppola, N., and Amato, M. (2023). HPV-Related Oral Lesions: YouTube Videos Suitability for Preventive Interventions Including Mass-Reach Health Communication and Promotion of HPV Vaccination. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20115972"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abbasi, M.S., Lal, A., Das, G., Salman, F., Akram, A., Ahmed, A.R., Maqsood, A., and Ahmed, N. (2022). Impact of Social Media on Aesthetic Dentistry: General Practitioners\u2019 Perspectives. Healthcare, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare10102055"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1111\/joor.13874","article-title":"Reliability and Educational Suitability of TikTok Videos as a Source of Information on Sleep and Awake Bruxism: A Cross-Sectional Analysis","volume":"52","author":"Galdi","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Oral Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1007\/s40368-020-00541-x","article-title":"Aesthetic Perception in Children with Molar Incisor Hypomineralization","volume":"22","author":"Fragelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Paediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-024-06037-y","article-title":"Unilateral Molar Incisor Hypomineralization Influences the Chewing Side? An Observational Study in Children","volume":"28","author":"Gomes","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S50","DOI":"10.1111\/adj.12923","article-title":"Impact of Molar Incisor Hypomineralization on Oral Hygiene and Gingival Health in 8\u201315-years-old Children","volume":"67","author":"Turkmen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aust. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Spirito, F., Amato, A., Di Palo, M.P., Cannat\u00e0, D., Giordano, F., D\u2019Ambrosio, F., and Martina, S. (2023). Periodontal Management in Periodontally Healthy Orthodontic Patients with Fixed Appliances: An Umbrella Review of Self-Care Instructions and Evidence-Based Recommendations. Dent. J., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/dj11020035"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20240159","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-7757-2024-0159","article-title":"Influence of Molar Incisor Hypomineralisation Severity on Dental Hypersensitivity, Anxiety\/Fear, and Aesthetic Self-Perception: A Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"33","author":"Gomes","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Appl. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Banu, A., \u0218erban, C., Pricop, M., Urechescu, H., and Vlaicu, B. (2018). Dental Health between Self-Perception, Clinical Evaluation and Body Image Dissatisfaction\u2014A Cross-Sectional Study in Mixed Dentition Pre-Pubertal Children. BMC Oral Health, 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-018-0542-2"},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"512","article-title":"Questionnaire for Measuring Oral Health-Related Quality of Life in Eight- to Ten-Year-Old Children","volume":"26","author":"Jokovic","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910208100705","article-title":"Validity and Reliability of a Questionnaire for Measuring Child Oral-Health-Related Quality of Life","volume":"81","author":"Jokovic","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1752-7325.2012.00338.x","article-title":"Reliability and Validity Testing for the Child Oral Health Impact Profile-Reduced (COHIP-SF 19)","volume":"72","author":"Broder","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Public Health Dent."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0528.1997.tb00941.x","article-title":"Derivation and Validation of a Short-form Oral Health Impact Profile","volume":"25","author":"Slade","year":"1997","journal-title":"Community Dent. Oral Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.2319\/020725-119.1","article-title":"How Does Self-Esteem Influence Oral Health-Related Quality of Life during the Occlusal Transition from Childhood to Adolescence: A 4-Year Follow-Up","volume":"96","author":"Carneiro","year":"2026","journal-title":"Angle Orthod."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/s40368-021-00635-0","article-title":"An Update of Treatment Modalities in Children and Adolescents with Teeth Affected by Molar Incisor Hypomineralisation (MIH): A Systematic Review","volume":"23","author":"Somani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Paediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gallo, M.J.D., Almeida dos Santos, T.C., Souza Ramos, A.B., De Rossi, A., de Paula-Silva, F.W.G., Borelli Neto, L., Effenberger, S., de Carvalho, F.K., and de Queiroz, A.M. (2026). Impact of Resin Infiltration on Self-Reported Bullying and OHRQoL in Children with MIH: A Single-Arm Clinical Trial. Eur. Arch. Paediatr. Dent., Epub ahead of printing.","DOI":"10.1007\/s40368-026-01176-0"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davidovich, E., Dagon, S., Tamari, I., Etinger, M., and Mijiritsky, E. (2020). An Innovative Treatment Approach Using Digital Workflow and CAD-CAM Part 2: The Restoration of Molar Incisor Hypomineralization in Children. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17051499"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Inchingolo, A.M., Inchingolo, A.D., Viapiano, F., Ciocia, A.M., Ferrara, I., Netti, A., Dipalma, G., Palermo, A., and Inchingolo, F. (2023). Treatment Approaches to Molar Incisor Hypomineralization: A Systematic Review. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12227194"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/s40368-025-01106-6","article-title":"Long-Term Evaluation of the Success Rate of Different Treatment Modalities on MIH-Affected Teeth","volume":"27","author":"Seremidi","year":"2026","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Paediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.22514\/jocpd.2024.061","article-title":"Management of Severity Lesions of Hypomineralized Molars (MIH) with Different Treatment Alternatives: 9-Month Results of a Clinical Trial","volume":"48","author":"Ozsoy","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e33","DOI":"10.5395\/rde.2024.49.e33","article-title":"Effects of Different Curing Methods on the Color Stability of Composite Resins","volume":"49","author":"Pisano","year":"2024","journal-title":"Restor. Dent. Endod."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1177\/20501684251317770","article-title":"The Role of Endodontists in Managing Patients with Molar Incisor Hypomineralisation","volume":"14","author":"Costa","year":"2025","journal-title":"Prim. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karsl\u0131o\u011flu, H., Uyar, D.S., Ocak, M., and \u00c7elik, H.H. (2026). Microcomputed Tomography Analysis of Root Canal Morfology of Hypomineralized Permanent Molars Compared with Healthy Teeth: Unveiling Hidden Anatomical Variations. BMC Oral Health, 26.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-026-07919-1"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdellatif, D., Iandolo, A., Scorziello, M., Sangiovanni, G., and Pisano, M. (2024). Cyclic Fatigue of Different Ni-Ti Endodontic Rotary File Alloys: A Comprehensive Review. Bioengineering, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering11050499"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pantaleo, G., Acerra, A., Giordano, F., D\u2019Ambrosio, F., Langone, M., and Caggiano, M. (2022). Immediate Loading of Fixed Prostheses in Fully Edentulous Jaws: A 7-Year Follow-Up from a Single-Cohort Retrospective Study. Appl. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/app122312427"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodd, H., and Noble, F. (2019). Psychosocial Impacts Relating to Dental Injuries in Childhood: The Bigger Picture. Dent. J., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/dj7010023"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caggiano, M., D\u2019Ambrosio, F., Acerra, A., Giudice, D., and Giordano, F. (2023). Biomechanical Implications of Mandibular Flexion on Implant-Supported Full-Arch Rehabilitations: A Systematic Literature Review. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202307.0945.v1"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cxom.2007.10.003","article-title":"Dental Implants, Growth of the Jaws, and Determination of Skeletal Maturity","volume":"16","author":"Carmichael","year":"2008","journal-title":"Atlas Oral Maxillofac. Surg. Clin."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caggiano, M., D\u2019Ambrosio, F., Giordano, F., Acerra, A., Sammartino, P., and Iandolo, A. (2022). The \u201cSling\u201d Technique for Horizontal Guided Bone Regeneration: A Retrospective Case Series. Appl. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/app12125889"}],"container-title":["Children"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/13\/9\/1235\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T08:56:36Z","timestamp":1789376196000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/13\/9\/1235"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]]},"references-count":90,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["children13091235"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/children13091235","relation":{},"ISSN":["2227-9067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2227-9067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]]}}}