{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T10:42:14Z","timestamp":1789468934488,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789430400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"German Health Care Innovation Fund","award":["01 VSF17027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01 VSF17027"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Infant regulatory disorders (RDs) describe the infants\u2019 difficulties in regulating their physiological and emotional states, manifesting in problems with sleeping, feeding, or excessive crying. A post hoc analysis of data from the German SKKIPPI cohort study investigated the association of maternal smartphone use and the occurrence of RDs. Methods: In a randomly drawn sample from three local population registers, a self-administered online questionnaire was used to collect basic sociodemographic data, smartphone use behavior and the mother\u2019s subjective perception of the infant\u2019s RD. In case of psychosocial burden of the mother, a structured psychiatric-diagnostic interview (M.I.N.I.) was conducted and the Questionnaire for Crying, Feeding and Sleeping (SFS) was completed. Results: Of the 5954 parent\u2013child dyads completing the online-questionnaire, 3.7% reported frequent smartphone use while interacting with the child, compared with 5.8% of the 972 mother\u2013child dyads in the psychiatric interview. Among frequent smartphone users, 61.5% indicated RD compared to 41.6% of the infrequent users (p = 0.005). After adjustment for confounding by psychiatric disorder, educational level, single parent status, and age, perceived stress when interrupted during smartphone use was consistently associated with less favorable outcomes (OR of feeding easy 0.56, 95% CI 0.42; 0.75; OR of falling asleep easily 0.85, 95% CI 0.73; 0.99; OR of excessive crying 1.37, 95% CI 1.04; 1.81). RD based on the SFS was associated with elevated stress during smartphone use (OR 1.87, 95% CI 1.35; 2.58). Conclusions: Maternal stress when smartphone use is interrupted is more strongly associated with early regulatory difficulties than frequency of smartphone use alone, indicating the importance of also considering emotional and contextual factors in the analysis of technology use during parent\u2013child interactions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children13091248","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T08:16:48Z","timestamp":1789460208000},"page":"1248","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Maternal Smartphone Use and Regulatory Disorders of the Infant: A Post Hoc Analysis of the SKKIPPI Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7897-6500","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne","family":"Bergh\u00f6fer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Social Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Economics, Charit\u00e9 University Medical Center Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Annika Luise","family":"Wrenger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Social Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Economics, Charit\u00e9 University Medical Center Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, 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Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8248-1167","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lars","family":"Kuchinke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Psychoanalytic University, 10555 Berlin, 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Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Institute for Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1191-3289","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephanie","family":"Roll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Social Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Economics, Charit\u00e9 University Medical Center Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Institute for Biostatistics and Informatics in Medicine and Ageing Research, Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Rostock, 18057 Rostock, 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