{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T06:46:55Z","timestamp":1791960415811,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789948800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Recess and physical education are complementary school-based opportunities for movement, yet national evidence on how students\u2019 liking of physical education relates to active recess is scarce in Latin America. We examined the association between disliking physical education and inactive recess among Chilean students and described reported reasons for inactive recess. Methods: This cross-sectional study used the 2024 Chilean National Survey of Physical Activity and Sports Habits. The primary analysis included 3802 school-attending participants aged 5\u201317 years with valid responses to the liking of physical education and recess activity items. Inactive recess was defined as reporting no running\/jumping, sport, or dance during recess. Modified Poisson regression with normalized survey weights and robust variance estimated adjusted prevalence ratios (aPRs), controlling for age, sex assigned at birth, urban\/rural area, socioeconomic status, disability, and region. Region-stratified bootstrap inference used 2000 replicates. Results: Weighted active-recess prevalence was 75.8%. Adjusted inactive-recess prevalence was 18.2% (95% confidence interval [CI] 16.0\u201320.4) among students who liked physical education and 56.9% (95% CI 50.3\u201363.6) among those who disliked it, an absolute difference of 38.7 percentage points (95% CI 31.6\u201345.8). Disliking physical education was associated with a prevalence of inactive recess approximately three times higher (aPR 3.09, 95% CI 2.61\u20133.68); the bootstrap CI was 2.61\u20133.69. Associations did not differ by sex or age group. Among 977 students with inactive recess, the most frequent reasons were lack of interest (40.3%) and absence of games, equipment, or a suitable place (29.1%). Conclusions: Disliking physical education was strongly associated with inactive recess, but temporality cannot be established. Enjoyable, inclusive physical education and better recess opportunities merit joint evaluation in school-based physical activity strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children13091279","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T09:01:38Z","timestamp":1789981298000},"page":"1279","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Liking of Physical Education and Active Recess Among Chilean Schoolchildren: A National Population-Based Study of Participation Gaps and Reasons for Inactivity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4372-0836","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josivaldo","family":"de Souza-Lima","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Educaci\u00f3n y Humanidades, Escuela de Ciencias del Deporte, Universidad Andres Bello, Las Condes, Santiago 7550000, Chile"},{"name":"Departamento de Did\u00e1ctica de la Expresi\u00f3n Musical, Pl\u00e1stica y Corporal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Educaci\u00f3n, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2685-8991","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frano","family":"Giakoni-Ram\u00edrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Educaci\u00f3n y Humanidades, Escuela de Ciencias del Deporte, Universidad Andres Bello, Las Condes, Santiago 7550000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-5354-1313","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catalina","family":"Mu\u00f1oz-Strale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Educaci\u00f3n y Humanidades, Escuela de Ciencias del Deporte, Universidad Andres Bello, Las Condes, Santiago 7550000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4267-046X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javiera","family":"Alarcon-Aguilar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Educaci\u00f3n y Humanidades, Escuela de Ciencias del Deporte, Universidad Andres Bello, Las Condes, Santiago 7550000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4027-4415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudio","family":"Far\u00edas-Valenzuela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Ciencias de la Actividad F\u00edsica, el Deporte y la Salud, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago 9170124, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5488-9878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maribel","family":"Parra-Sald\u00edas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Educaci\u00f3n F\u00edsica, Deporte y Recreaci\u00f3n, Universidad de Atacama, Copiap\u00f3 1530000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9020-5776","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Duclos-Bast\u00edas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"iGEO Research, Escuela de Educaci\u00f3n F\u00edsica, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Valpara\u00edso, Valpara\u00edso 2340021, Chile"},{"name":"METIS Research Group, Facultad de Negocios y Tecnolog\u00eda, Universidad Alfonso X el Sabio (UAX), 28691 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8613-6838","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9s","family":"Godoy-Cumillaf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n en Educaci\u00f3n F\u00edsica, Salud y Calidad de Vida (EFISAL), Facultad de Educaci\u00f3n, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Chile, Temuco 4780000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1557-2285","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eugenio","family":"Merellano-Navarro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Faculty of Education Sciences, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica del Maule, Talca 3530000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6510-1230","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tom\u00e1s","family":"Reyes-Amigo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Activity Sciences Observatory (OCAF), Universidad de Playa Ancha, Valpara\u00edso 2340000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2026, July 27). Physical Activity Guidelines for School-Aged Children and Adolescents, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/physical-activity-education\/guidelines\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2022). Global Status Report on Physical Activity 2022, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14301","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-64830-x","article-title":"Effects of different types of exercise intensity on improving health-related physical fitness in children and adolescents: A systematic review","volume":"14","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesf.2024.07.004","article-title":"Results from Chile\u2019s 2022 report card on physical activity for children and adolescents","volume":"22","author":"Sadarangani","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Exerc. Sci. Fit."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"UNESCO, and Loughborough University (2024). The Global State of Play: Report and Recommendations on Quality Physical Education, UNESCO."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2022). Promoting Physical Activity Through Schools: A Toolkit, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jshs.2019.05.007","article-title":"Implementing physically active learning: Future directions for research, policy, and practice","volume":"9","author":"Quarmby","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Sport Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1111\/josh.13230","article-title":"The benefits of school recess: A systematic review","volume":"92","author":"Hodges","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Sch. Health"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pulido S\u00e1nchez, S., and Iglesias Gallego, D. (2021). Evidence-based overview of accelerometer-measured physical activity during school recess: An updated systematic review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18020578"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1123\/pes.2022-0144","article-title":"Physical activity levels during school recess in a nationally representative sample of 10- to 11-year-olds","volume":"36","author":"Wong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pediatr. Exerc. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jped.2021.02.005","article-title":"Effects of interventions for promoting physical activity during recess in elementary schools: A systematic review","volume":"97","author":"Suga","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. (Rio J.)"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13655","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.13655","article-title":"Correlates of physical activity enjoyment in children and adolescents for a new perspective on the treatment of overweight: A systematic literature review","volume":"25","author":"Greule","year":"2024","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14678","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.14678","article-title":"Longitudinal associations between enjoyment of physical education, cardiorespiratory fitness, and muscular fitness among Finnish adolescents","volume":"34","author":"Costigan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1781","DOI":"10.1177\/00315125231178341","article-title":"The roles of perceived physical education competence, enjoyment, and persistence on middle school students\u2019 physical activity engagement","volume":"130","author":"Guan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Percept. Mot. Ski."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.47197\/retos.v72.114577","article-title":"Efectos de un programa de recreos activos en la convivencia escolar en estudiantes de ense\u00f1anza b\u00e1sica","volume":"73","year":"2025","journal-title":"Retos"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Ministerio de Salud de Chile (2026, July 27). Gobierno Promulga Ley Que Garantiza 60 Minutos Diarios de Actividad F\u00edsica en Establecimientos Educacionales, Available online: https:\/\/www.minsal.cl\/gobierno-promulga-ley-que-garantiza-60-minutos-diarios-de-actividad-fisica-en-establecimientos-educacionales-para-mejorar-la-salud-y-bienestar-de-estudiantes\/."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15251","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-46645-0","article-title":"Body mass index (BMI) versus socioeconomic factors and physical activity in early childhood","volume":"16","author":"Milde","year":"2026","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1186\/s12982-026-02101-y","article-title":"Association between physical activity and sleep quality in Chilean children and adolescents from a population-based study","volume":"23","year":"2026","journal-title":"Discov. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2026.05.010","article-title":"Neighborhood hostility is associated with the relationship between park proximity and physical activity among youth: National evidence from Chile","volume":"79","author":"Ferrari","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Adolesc. Health"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Souza-Lima, J., Ferrari, G., Y\u00e1\u00f1ez-Sep\u00falveda, R., Giakoni-Ram\u00edrez, F., Mu\u00f1oz-Strale, C., Alarcon-Aguilar, J., Parra-Sald\u00edas, M., Duclos-Bast\u00edas, D., Godoy-Cumillaf, A., and Merellano-Navarro, E. (2025). Prediction of children\u2019s subjective well-being from physical activity and sports participation using machine learning techniques: Evidence from a multinational study. Children, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/children12081083"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e108028","DOI":"10.1590\/1980-0037.2025v27e108028","article-title":"Socioeconomic factors, rurality, and their impact on academic and physical performance in Chilean students","volume":"27","year":"2025","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Cineantropom. Desempenho Hum."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Ministerio del Deporte de Chile (2025). Informe Ejecutivo de la Encuesta Nacional de Actividad F\u00edsica y Deporte 2024."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2021.0528","article-title":"STROBE reporting guidelines for observational studies","volume":"156","author":"Ghaferi","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Surg."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000001544","article-title":"An alternative perspective on the robust Poisson method for estimating risk or prevalence ratios","volume":"34","author":"Talbot","year":"2023","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2025.103120","article-title":"Examining relationships between U.S. children\u2019s physical activity levels during recess, school days, and weekend days","volume":"55","author":"Murphy","year":"2025","journal-title":"Prev. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mo, W., Saibon, J.B., Li, Y., Li, J., and He, Y. (2024). Effects of game-based physical education program on enjoyment in children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health, 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-18043-6"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Esp\u00ednola, C., Almagro, B.J., Tamayo-Fajardo, J.A., Paramio-P\u00e9rez, G., and S\u00e1enz-L\u00f3pez, P. (2022). Effects of interventions based on achievement goals and self-determination theories on the intention to be physically active of physical education students: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sustainability, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/su142215019"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carriedo, A., Cecchini, J.A., M\u00e9ndez-Gim\u00e9nez, A., Sanabrias-Moreno, D., and Gonz\u00e1lez, C. (2023). Impact of teachers\u2019 autonomy support on students\u2019 basic psychological needs, intrinsic motivation and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. Children, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/children10030489"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1929","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.14436","article-title":"Effects of out-of-school physical activity interventions based on self-determination theory in children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"33","author":"Pulido","year":"2023","journal-title":"Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1177\/00178969241254187","article-title":"Active recess: School break time as a setting for physical activity promotion in European primary schools","volume":"83","author":"Bailey","year":"2024","journal-title":"Health Educ. J."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haug, E., Castillo, I., Samdal, O., and Smith, O.R.F. (2023). Body-related concerns and participation in physical education among adolescent students: The mediating role of motivation. Front. Psychol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1266740"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1177\/03616843241262692","article-title":"Applying objectification theory to adolescent girls\u2019 gendered experiences of physical education in the United Kingdom","volume":"48","author":"Hurst","year":"2024","journal-title":"Psychol. Women Q."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5041","DOI":"10.2147\/PRBM.S441619","article-title":"Correlates of bullying behavior among children and adolescents in physical education: A systematic review","volume":"16","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychol. Res. Behav. Manag."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e099312","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-099312","article-title":"A qualitative study in UK secondary schools exploring how physical education uniform policies influence body image attitudes and physical education engagement among adolescent girls","volume":"15","author":"Porter","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2024.103333","article-title":"How to get children moving? The effectiveness of school-based interventions promoting physical activity in children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"89","author":"Moeller","year":"2024","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reyes-Amigo, T., Salinas-Gallardo, G., Mendoza, E., Ovalle-Fern\u00e1ndez, C., Ibarra-Mora, J., G\u00f3mez-\u00c1lvarez, N., Carrasco-Beltr\u00e1n, H., P\u00e1ez-Herrera, J., Hurtado-Almon\u00e1cid, J., and Y\u00e1\u00f1ez-Sep\u00falveda, R. (2025). Effectiveness of school-based active breaks on classroom behavior, executive functions and physical fitness in children and adolescents: A systematic review. Front. Public Health, 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1469998"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70198","DOI":"10.1111\/josh.70198","article-title":"Recess as a setting for child development: A randomized controlled trial on physical activity, motor skills and social-emotional functioning","volume":"96","author":"Brocken","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Sch. Health"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2026077025","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2026-077025","article-title":"Council on School Health. The crucial role of recess in school: Policy statement","volume":"157","author":"Murray","year":"2026","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2021.102705","article-title":"School physical activity policies and associations with physical activity practices and behaviours: A systematic review of the literature","volume":"73","author":"Stylianou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2026, July 27). Recess, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/physical-activity-education\/recess\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"663","article-title":"The impact of typical school provision of physical education, physical activity and sports on adolescent physical health: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Rocliffe","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adolesc. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1111\/josh.13196","article-title":"Understanding the benefits of brief classroom-based physical activity interventions on primary school-aged children\u2019s enjoyment and subjective wellbeing: A systematic review","volume":"92","author":"Papadopoulos","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Sch. Health"}],"container-title":["Children"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/13\/9\/1279\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T10:11:23Z","timestamp":1789985483000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/13\/9\/1279"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["children13091279"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/children13091279","relation":{},"ISSN":["2227-9067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2227-9067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]]}}}