{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:21:24Z","timestamp":1760242884100,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,20]],"date-time":"2016-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1476921600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"NHLBI","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NHLBI\/HL090020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NHLBI\/HL090020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"NICHC","award":["NICHC\/HD001399"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NICHC\/HD001399"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Premature children are prone to severe viral respiratory infections in early life, but the age at which susceptibility peaks and disappears for each pathogen is unclear. Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed of the age distribution and clinical features of acute viral respiratory infections in full-term and premature children, aged zero to seven years. Results: The study comprised of a total of 630 hospitalizations (n = 580 children). Sixty-seven percent of these hospitalizations occurred in children born full-term (&gt;37 weeks), 12% in preterm (32\u201337 weeks) and 21% in severely premature children (&lt;32 weeks). The most common viruses identified were rhinovirus (RV; 60%) and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV; 17%). Age-distribution analysis of each virus identified that severely premature children had a higher relative frequency of RV and RSV in their first three years, relative to preterm or full-term children. Additionally, the probability of RV- or RSV-induced wheezing was higher overall in severely premature children less than three years old. Conclusions: Our results indicate that the vulnerability to viral infections in children born severely premature is more specific for RV and RSV and persists during the first three years of age. Further studies are needed to elucidate the age-dependent molecular mechanisms that underlie why premature infants develop RV- and RSV-induced wheezing in early life.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children3040019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,20]],"date-time":"2016-10-20T10:15:49Z","timestamp":1476958549000},"page":"19","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Age-Related Effect of Viral-Induced Wheezing in Severe Prematurity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Geovanny","family":"Perez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Children\u2019s National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20010, USA"},{"name":"Department of Integrative Systems Biology and Center for Genetic Medicine Research, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20010, USA"},{"name":"Center for Genetic Research Medicine, Children\u2019s National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amisha","family":"Jain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Children\u2019s National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bassem","family":"Kurdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20010, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rosemary","family":"Megalaa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Children\u2019s National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Krishna","family":"Pancham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shehlanoor","family":"Huseni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Children\u2019s National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Isaza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatology, Children\u2019s National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Rodriguez-Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota 111321, Colombia"},{"name":"Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidad El Bosque, Bogota 111321, Colombia"},{"name":"Research Unit, Military Hospital of Colombia, Bogota 111321, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mary","family":"Rose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Children\u2019s National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20010, USA"},{"name":"Department of Integrative Systems Biology and Center for Genetic Medicine Research, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20010, USA"},{"name":"Center for Genetic Research Medicine, Children\u2019s National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dinesh","family":"Pillai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Children\u2019s National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20010, USA"},{"name":"Department of Integrative Systems Biology and Center for Genetic Medicine Research, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20010, USA"},{"name":"Center for Genetic Research Medicine, Children\u2019s National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gustavo","family":"Nino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Children\u2019s National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20010, USA"},{"name":"Department of Integrative Systems Biology and Center for Genetic Medicine Research, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20010, USA"},{"name":"Center for Genetic Research Medicine, Children\u2019s National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201405-0901PP","article-title":"Toward primary prevention of asthma. Reviewing the evidence for early-life respiratory viral infections as modifiable risk factors to prevent childhood asthma","volume":"191","author":"Feldman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00109012","article-title":"Rhinovirus infection and healthcare utilisation in prematurely born infants","volume":"42","author":"Drysdale","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-014-2262-1","article-title":"Respiratory outcome of prematurely born infants following human rhinovirus A and C infections","volume":"173","author":"Drysdale","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e60","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-0583","article-title":"Human rhinoviruses in severe respiratory disease in very low birth weight infants","volume":"129","author":"Miller","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Been, J.V., Lugtenberg, M.J., Smets, E., van Schayck, C.P., Kramer, B.W., Mommers, M., and Sheikh, A. (2014). Preterm birth and childhood wheezing disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med., 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001596"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"(2012). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Available online: http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/reproductivehealth\/MaternalInfantHealth\/PretermBirth.htm."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2162","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60820-4","article-title":"National, regional and worldwide estimates of preterm birth","volume":"379","author":"Blencowe","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00062714","article-title":"Infantile respiratory syncytial virus and human rhinovirus infections: Respective role in inception and persistence of wheezing","volume":"45","author":"Rossi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.109.SE1.362","article-title":"Development of wheezing disorders and asthma in preschool children","volume":"109","author":"Martinez","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-3038.13.s.15.8.x","article-title":"The childhood origins of asthma (COAST) study","volume":"13","author":"Lemanske","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pediatr. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200802-309OC","article-title":"Wheezing rhinovirus illnesses in early life predict asthma development in high-risk children","volume":"178","author":"Jackson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Available online: http:\/\/www.who.int\/mediacentre\/factsheets\/fs363\/en\/."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.12346","article-title":"Rhinovirus-induced airway cytokines and respiratory morbidity in severely premature children","volume":"26","author":"Perez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000358550","article-title":"Hierarchical maturation of innate immune defences in very preterm neonates","volume":"106","author":"Sharma","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2015.132","article-title":"Attenuated innate immune defenses in very premature neonates during the neonatal period","volume":"78","author":"Marchant","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/35.4.147","article-title":"Serum immunoglobulin levels and incidence of infection during the first year of life in full-term and preterm infants","volume":"35","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Trop. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2005.02928.x","article-title":"Cytokine responses correlate differentially with age in infancy and early childhood","volume":"142","author":"Hartel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2005.10.012","article-title":"Innate cellular immune responses in newborns","volume":"118","author":"Marodi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2013.00079","article-title":"The immune consequences of preterm birth","volume":"7","author":"Melville","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1302007","article-title":"Attenuation of respiratory syncytial virus-induced and RIG-I-dependent type I IFN responses in human neonates and very young children","volume":"192","author":"Marr","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2015.113","article-title":"Premature infants have impaired airway antiviral IFN\u03b3 responses to human metapneumovirus compared to respiratory syncytial virus","volume":"78","author":"Pancham","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e410","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-3283","article-title":"Cytokine profiles in the respiratory tract during primary infection with human metapneumovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, or influenza virus in infants","volume":"120","author":"Melendi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00049214","article-title":"Rhinovirus infection in young children is associated with elevated airway TSLP levels","volume":"44","author":"Perez","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI75183","article-title":"TLR4 genotype and environmental LPS mediate RSV bronchiolitis through Th2 polarization","volume":"125","author":"Caballero","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2014.04.020","article-title":"Neonatal rhinovirus induces mucous metaplasia and airways hyperresponsiveness through IL-25 and type 2 innate lymphoid cells","volume":"134","author":"Hong","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200912-1806OC","article-title":"Lung function and respiratory symptoms at 11 years in children born extremely preterm: The EPICure study","volume":"182","author":"Fawke","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2013.07.004","article-title":"Long-term respiratory consequences of premature birth at less than 32 weeks of gestation","volume":"89","author":"Greenough","year":"2013","journal-title":"Early Hum. Dev."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2012-203079","article-title":"Effect of preterm birth on later FEV1: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"68","author":"Kotecha","year":"2013","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1497","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-014-2343-1","article-title":"Lung function of preterm infants before and after viral infections","volume":"173","author":"Drysdale","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."}],"container-title":["Children"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/3\/4\/19\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T19:33:31Z","timestamp":1760211211000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/3\/4\/19"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,20]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,12]]}},"alternative-id":["children3040019"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/children3040019","relation":{},"ISSN":["2227-9067"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2227-9067"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,20]]}}}