{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T21:48:33Z","timestamp":1790891313570,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":7,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,3]],"date-time":"2017-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1509667200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of this study was to review the aetiology, presentation and management of these patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) at a tertiary children\u2019s unit in the United Kingdom. This was a retrospective single-institution study on children (&lt;16 years) who presented with acute UGIB over a period of 5 years using known International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes. A total of 32 children (17 males, 15 females) were identified with a total median age at presentation of 5.5 years. The majority (24\/32) of patients presented as an emergency. A total of 19\/32 presented with isolated haematemesis, 8\/32 with isolated melaena and 5\/32 with a combination of melaena and haematemesis. On admission, the mean haemoglobin of patients who presented with isolated haematemesis was 11 g\/dL, those with isolated melaena 9.3 g\/dL and those with a combination 7.8 g\/dL. Blood transfusion was required in 3\/19 with haematemesis and 3\/5 with haematemesis and melaena. A total of 19\/32 underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Endoscopic findings were oesophageal varices (5\/19) of which 4 required banding; bleeding gastric ulcer (1\/19) requiring clips, haemospray and adrenaline; gastric vascular malformation (1\/19) treated with Argon plasma coagulation therapy; duodenal ulcer (3\/19) which required surgery in two cases; oesophagitis (5\/19); and gastritis +\/\u2212 duodenitis (3\/19). A total of 13\/32 patients did not undergo endoscopy and the presumed aetiology was a Mallory\u2013Weiss tear (4\/13); ingestion of foreign body (2\/13); gastritis (3\/13); viral illness (1\/13); unknown (2\/13). While UGIB is uncommon in children, the morbidity associated with it is very significant. Melaena, dropping haemoglobin, and requirement for a blood transfusion appear to be significant markers of an underlying cause of UGIB that requires therapeutic intervention. A multi-disciplinary team comprising gastroenterologists and surgeons is essential.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children4110095","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,3]],"date-time":"2017-11-03T12:39:20Z","timestamp":1509712760000},"page":"95","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding in Children: A Tertiary United Kingdom Children\u2019s Hospital Experience"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Omar","family":"Nasher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatric Surgery, Queen\u2019s Medical Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Derby Road, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3376-3795","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Devadason","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Queen\u2019s Medical Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Derby Road, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Stewart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatric Surgery, Queen\u2019s Medical Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Derby Road, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-010-0832-3","article-title":"Clinical features and risk factors for upper gastrointestinal bleeding in children: A case-crossover study","volume":"66","author":"Abenhaim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"44","article-title":"Yield of endoscopy in children with hematemesis","volume":"25","author":"Abdullah","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trop. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/s12519-012-0350-8","article-title":"Upper gastrointestinal bleeding in children: An 11-year retrospective endoscopic investigation","volume":"8","author":"Cleveland","year":"2012","journal-title":"World J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1177\/1084713806297151","article-title":"Upper gastrointestinal bleeding in children","volume":"46","author":"Chawla","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Pediatr. (Phila.)"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.32007\/jfacmedbagdad.543722","article-title":"Upper gastrointestinal bleeding in children","volume":"54","author":"Hassoon","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Fac. Med. Baghdad"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/S1521-6918(03)00102-1","article-title":"Endoscopic therapy for upper gastrointestinal bleeding","volume":"18","author":"Exon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000000680","article-title":"Acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding in childhood: Development of the Sheffield scoring system to predict need for endoscopic therapy","volume":"60","author":"Thomson","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."}],"container-title":["Children"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/4\/11\/95\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:48:01Z","timestamp":1760208481000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/4\/11\/95"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,3]]},"references-count":7,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11]]}},"alternative-id":["children4110095"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/children4110095","relation":{},"ISSN":["2227-9067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2227-9067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,3]]}}}