{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T09:21:53Z","timestamp":1762507313687,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,7]],"date-time":"2018-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1517961600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Spontaneous pneumomediastinum is defined as free air or gas contained within the mediastinum, which almost invariably originates from the alveolar space or the conducting airways. It is rare in pediatric patients; however, occasional cases are reported to result from forced Valsalva\u2019s maneuver due to cough, emesis, a first attack of wheeze, or asthma exacerbations. We report the case of a 7-year-old previously healthy girl, with a history of persistent dry cough one day before, who was brought to our unit with face, neck and chest swelling. The chest X-ray and computed tomography (CT) scan showed subcutaneous emphysema with pneumomediastinum and pneumopericardium without evidence of the origin of this air leak. Laboratory tests and the bronchoscopy were normal. The patient was admitted in the pediatric critical care and received noninvasive monitoring, analgesia, oxygen, and omeprazole as a prophylaxis for a gastric ulcer. The patient improved, subcutaneous emphysema resolved, and she was discharged on the third day.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children5020022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,7]],"date-time":"2018-02-07T12:20:29Z","timestamp":1518006029000},"page":"22","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["A Case of Spontaneous Pneumomediastinum with Subcutaneous Emphysema in Children"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5572-3079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Said","family":"Benlamkaddem","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Maternal and Paediatric Critical Care Unit, Hassan II University Hospital, 1835 Fez, Morocco"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Berdai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maternal and Paediatric Critical Care Unit, Hassan II University Hospital, 1835 Fez, Morocco"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Smael","family":"Labib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maternal and Paediatric Critical Care Unit, Hassan II University Hospital, 1835 Fez, Morocco"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mustapha","family":"Harandou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maternal and Paediatric Critical Care Unit, Hassan II University Hospital, 1835 Fez, Morocco"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surge.2009.10.007","article-title":"Spontaneous pneumomediastinum (Hamman\u2019s syndrome)","volume":"8","author":"Kelly","year":"2010","journal-title":"Surgeon"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9610(76)90008-8","article-title":"Spontaneous pneumomediastinum","volume":"131","author":"McMahon","year":"1976","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2015.03.024","article-title":"Management of spontaneous pneumomediastinum in children","volume":"50","author":"Fitzwater","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-6196(11)60560-0","article-title":"Spontaneous pneumomediastinum: Analysis of 62 consecutive adult patients","volume":"84","author":"Iyer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1186\/1749-8090-3-59","article-title":"Spontaneous pneumomediastinum: Diagnostic and therapeutic interventions","volume":"3","author":"Badar","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Cardiothorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2008.04.067","article-title":"Spontaneous pneumomediastinum: A comparative study and review of the literature","volume":"86","author":"Caceres","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2008.03.023","article-title":"Management of spontaneous pneumomediastinum based on clinical experience of 25 cases","volume":"102","author":"Takada","year":"2008","journal-title":"Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejcts.2007.03.008","article-title":"Spontaneous pneumomediastinum: 41 cases","volume":"31","author":"Macia","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s00408-006-0002-7","article-title":"Spontaneous pneumomediastinum: Experience in 18 adult patients","volume":"185","author":"Mondello","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lung"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3298","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.128.5.3298","article-title":"Spontaneous pneumomediastinum: A benign curiosity or a significant problem?","volume":"128","author":"Newcomb","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2005.02.025","article-title":"Spontaneous pneumomediastinum long-term follow-up","volume":"99","author":"Freixinet","year":"2005","journal-title":"Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejcts.2004.01.042","article-title":"Current assessment and management of spontaneous pneumomediastinum: Experience in 24 adult patients","volume":"25","author":"Koullias","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1711","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4975(03)00027-4","article-title":"Assessment of spontaneous pneumomediastinum: Experience with 12 patients","volume":"75","author":"Jougon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann. Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"188","article-title":"Clinical features of medical pneumomediastinum","volume":"9","author":"Miura","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5223(03)00124-7","article-title":"Spontaneous pneumomediastinum: A rare benign entity","volume":"126","author":"Gerazounis","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1159\/000029539","article-title":"Spontaneous pneumomediastinum in 33 patients: Yield of chest computed tomography for the diagnosis of the mild type","volume":"67","author":"Kaneki","year":"2000","journal-title":"Respiration"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(05)81750-0","article-title":"Spontaneous pneumomediastinum: Clinical and natural history","volume":"21","author":"Panacek","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ann. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/S1875-9572(09)60062-0","article-title":"Etiologies of spontaneous pneumomediastinum in children of different ages","volume":"50","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatr. Neonatol."}],"container-title":["Children"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/5\/2\/22\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T14:54:08Z","timestamp":1760194448000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/5\/2\/22"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,7]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2]]}},"alternative-id":["children5020022"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/children5020022","relation":{},"ISSN":["2227-9067"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2227-9067"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,7]]}}}