{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:34:51Z","timestamp":1760240091279,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,11]],"date-time":"2019-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1552262400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Mississippi State Department of Health","award":["G00003656"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G00003656"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Smoke-free ordinances and policies protect youth from exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) and cigarette use. This study investigated whether smoke-free ordinances also protect youth from the use of other tobacco products. We compared the prevalence of SHS exposure, cigarette smoking, cigar smoking, smokeless tobacco use, and e-cigarette use among high school students living in a municipality with or without a smoke-free ordinance and in homes with and without smoke-free policies. Data were analyzed using the 2017 Mississippi Youth Tobacco Survey (n = 1923). Smoke-free ordinances were found to be associated with lower prevalence of SHS exposure (41.9% vs. 51.5%), cigarette smoking (5.1% vs. 11.4%), and cigar smoking (7.2% vs. 10.9%). There were no differences in smokeless tobacco use (6.6% vs. 6.5%) or e-cigarette use (11.2% vs 12.1%). Smoke-free homes were associated with lower prevalence of SHS exposure (38.0% vs 74.6%), cigarette smoking (4.8% vs. 17.6%), cigar smoking (6.4% vs. 16.4%), smokeless tobacco use (4.9% vs. 13.2%), and e-cigarette use (9.6% vs. 19.5%), p &lt; 0.05 for all comparisons. The results suggest that smoke-free ordinances and policies protect against exposure to tobacco smoke and use of combustible tobacco products, but smoke-free ordinances do not protect from smokeless tobacco and e-cigarette use. Tobacco-free, rather than smoke-free, ordinances might offer more protection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children6030044","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,12]],"date-time":"2019-03-12T03:49:31Z","timestamp":1552362571000},"page":"44","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Smoke-Free Ordinances and Policies Protect Youth, but Ordinances Appear to Have Little Impact on Non-Combustible Tobacco Use"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Nell","family":"Valentine","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39759, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"McClelland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39759, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8145-9275","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"McMillen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39759, USA"},{"name":"American Academy of Pediatrics Julius B. Richmond Center of Excellence, Elk Grove Village, IL 60143, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Office of the Surgeon General (2014). The Health Consequences of Smoking\u201450 Years of Progress: A Report of the Surgeon General."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/S0892-0362(02)00201-5","article-title":"The effects of tobacco exposure on children\u2019s behavioral and cognitive functioning: Implications for clinical and public health policy and future research","volume":"24","author":"Weitzman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurotoxicol. Teratol."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"California Environmental Protection Agency (1997). Health Effects of Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Environmental Health (1997). Environmental Tobacco Smoke: A Hazard to Children. Pediatrics, 99, 639\u2013642.","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.99.4.639"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.54.4.357","article-title":"Health effects of passive smoking-10: Summary of effects of parental smoking on the respiratory health of children and implications for research","volume":"54","author":"Cook","year":"1999","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"American Nonsmokers\u2019 Rights (2019, January 07). US 100% Smokefree Laws in Non-Hospitality Workplaces and Restaurants and Bars. Available online: https:\/\/no-smoke.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/pdf\/WRBLawsMap.pdf."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2015.11.010","article-title":"National and state prevalence of smoke-free rules in homes with and without children and smokers: Two decades of progress","volume":"82","author":"King","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Wakefield, M., Chaloupka, F., Kaufman, N., and Orleans, C.T. (2000). Do Smoking Restrictions at Home, at School and in Public Places, Influence Youth Smoking?, University of Illinois."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.8.3.272","article-title":"The impact of workplace smoking bans: Results from a national survey","volume":"8","author":"Farrelly","year":"1999","journal-title":"Tob. Control"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.8.3.261","article-title":"The effects of household and workplace smoking restrictions on quitting behaviours","volume":"8","author":"Farkas","year":"1999","journal-title":"Tob. Control"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.83.7.1031","article-title":"Work-site smoking policies: Their population impact in Washington State","volume":"83","author":"Kinne","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.81.2.202","article-title":"Effects of a worksite nonsmoking policy: Evidence for increased cessation","volume":"81","author":"Sorsensen","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.2005.012302","article-title":"Effect of local restaurant smoking regulations on progression to established smoking among youths","volume":"14","author":"Siegel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Tob. Control"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.321.7257.333","article-title":"Effect of restrictions on smoking at home, at school, and in public places on teenage smoking: Cross sectional study","volume":"321","author":"Wakefield","year":"2000","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.2005.013557","article-title":"Growing evidence for new benefit of clean indoor air laws: Reduced adolescent smoking","volume":"14","author":"Wakefield","year":"2005","journal-title":"Tob. Control"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.80.2.178","article-title":"Effects of workplace smoking bans on cigarette consumption","volume":"80","author":"Borland","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntp014","article-title":"Changing age-specific patterns of cigarette consumption in the United States, 1992\u20132002: Association with smoke-free homes and state-level tobacco control activity","volume":"11","author":"Pierce","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"iii42","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.2005.012492","article-title":"Determinants and consequences of smoke-free homes: Findings from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Four Country Survey","volume":"15","author":"Borland","year":"2006","journal-title":"Tob. Control"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntp122","article-title":"The effect of smoke-free homes on adult smoking behavior: A review","volume":"11","author":"Mills","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e152285","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2015.2285","article-title":"Association of smoke-free laws with lower percentages of new and current smokers among adolescents and young adults","volume":"169","author":"Song","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2014.302251","article-title":"Association of campus tobacco policies with secondhand smoke exposure, intention to smoke on campus, and attitudes about outdoor smoking restrictions","volume":"105","author":"Fallin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S40","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2017-1026H","article-title":"Smoke-free car legislation and student exposure to smoking","volume":"141","author":"Patel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1670","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntw018","article-title":"Has childhood smoking reduced following smoke-free public places legislation? a segmented regression analysis of cross-sectional UK school-based surveys","volume":"18","author":"Katikireddi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwx372","article-title":"Associations of bar and restaurant smoking bans with smoking behavior in the CARDIA Study: A 25-Year Study","volume":"187","author":"Mayne","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.88.2.370","article-title":"The smoking problem: A review of the research and theory in behavioral risk modification","volume":"88","author":"Leventhal","year":"1980","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.2003.004739","article-title":"Changes in population attitudes about where smoking should not be allowed: California versus the rest of the USA","volume":"13","author":"Gilpin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Tob. Control"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.2003.007336","article-title":"Relation between local restaurant smoking regulations and attitudes towards the prevalence and social acceptability of smoking: A study of youths and adults who eat out predominantly at restaurants in their town","volume":"13","author":"Albers","year":"2004","journal-title":"Tob. Control"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2006.04.004","article-title":"Tobacco Denormalization and Industry Beliefs Among Smokers from Four Countries","volume":"31","author":"Hammond","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1006\/pmed.1997.0152","article-title":"Household smoking restrictions and adolescents\u2019 exposure to environmental tobacco smoke","volume":"26","author":"Biener","year":"1997","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.284.6.717","article-title":"Association Between Household and Workplace Smoking Restrictions and Adolescent Smoking","volume":"284","author":"Farkas","year":"2000","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1080\/713688125","article-title":"MacKinnon DP. Home smoking restrictions and adolescent smoking","volume":"2","author":"Proescholdbell","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Mississippi Tobacco Data (2019, March 04). The Mississippi Youth Tobacco Data Survey, 1998\u20132017. Available online: https:\/\/mstobaccodata.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/YTS-publication-2018.pdf."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Mississippi Tobacco Data (2019, January 07). 100% Smoke-free Communities in Mississippi. Available online: https:\/\/mstobaccodata.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/12\/ms-smoke-free-communities.pdf."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2010.153379","article-title":"Exposure to parental and sibling smoking and the risk of smoking uptake in childhood and adolescence: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"66","author":"Jere","year":"2011","journal-title":"Thorax"}],"container-title":["Children"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/6\/3\/44\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:37:57Z","timestamp":1760186277000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/6\/3\/44"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,11]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]}},"alternative-id":["children6030044"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/children6030044","relation":{},"ISSN":["2227-9067"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2227-9067"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,11]]}}}