{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T14:58:16Z","timestamp":1776092296255,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,18]],"date-time":"2020-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1579305600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Adverse childhood experiences (ACE) have been associated with a greater prevalence of risky behaviors and chronic health conditions, such as diabetes in adulthood. While adolescents with risk taking behaviors experience worsening of diabetic metabolic control, it is yet to be determined whether glycemic management in children and adolescents is negatively and independently influenced by ACEs. This study examines the relationship between ACEs in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1DM) and glycemic control, BMI and lipids. For such children, we hypothesized that hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) is positively correlated with ACE scores. Parents of children (age 2\u201318 years) with T1DM completed a validated ACE questionnaire. The associations between parent and child ACE score and HbA1c, lipids and BMI z-scores were assessed using linear regression. The prevalence of any ACE was 27.9% among children and 49.0% among parents. HbA1c was significantly higher in children who had exposure to three or more ACEs (\u03b2:0.63 (4.5 mmol\/mol); p = 0.02), in those who had a parent exposed to four or more ACEs (\u03b2:0.87 (7.2 mmol\/mol); p = 0.03), in children who had exposure to household incarceration (\u03b2:0.62 (4.4 mmol\/mol); p = 0.05) and children who witnessed or had been victim of violence in the neighborhood (\u03b2:0.71 (5.4 mmol\/mol); p = 0.02). ACEs were highly prevalent among children with T1DM and had a positive association with glycemic control.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children7010008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,20]],"date-time":"2020-01-20T04:27:09Z","timestamp":1579494429000},"page":"8","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Association of Adverse Childhood Experiences with Glycemic Control and Lipids in Children with Type 1 Diabetes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Anoop Mohamed","family":"Iqbal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seema","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Janet","family":"Hansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mary","family":"Heyrman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Spee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aida","family":"Lteif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.160.5.523","article-title":"Prevalence of diabetes and impaired fasting glucose levels among US adolescents\u2014National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999\u20132002","volume":"160","author":"Duncan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1510","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-0690","article-title":"The burden of diabetes mellitus among US youth: Prevalence estimates from the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study","volume":"118","author":"Liese","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013-2795","article-title":"Trends in the prevalence of ketoacidosis at diabetes diagnosis: The SEARCH for diabetes in youth study","volume":"133","author":"Dabelea","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsu113","article-title":"Family Density and SES Related to Diabetes Management and Glycemic Control in Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes","volume":"40","author":"Caccavale","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2015.0269","article-title":"Association of Parental Adverse Childhood Experiences and Current Child Adversity","volume":"169","author":"Randell","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1177\/0145721712445216","article-title":"Psychological experience of parents of children with type 1 diabetes: A systematic mixed-studies review","volume":"38","author":"Whittemore","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes Educ."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"102","article-title":"The lifelong effects of early childhood adversity and toxic stress","volume":"36","author":"Boyce","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-2663","article-title":"The lifelong effects of early childhood adversity and toxic stress","volume":"129","author":"Shonkoff","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3089","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.286.24.3089","article-title":"Childhood abuse, household dysfunction, and the risk of attempted suicide throughout the life span: Findings from the Adverse Childhood Experiences Study","volume":"286","author":"Dube","year":"2001","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.111.3.564","article-title":"Childhood abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction and the risk of illicit drug use: The adverse childhood experiences study","volume":"111","author":"Dube","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2003.12.013","article-title":"Adverse childhood experiences and the risk of depressive disorders in adulthood","volume":"82","author":"Chapman","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2106","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2014.0914","article-title":"Adverse childhood experiences: Assessing the impact on health and school engagement and the mitigating role of resilience","volume":"33","author":"Bethell","year":"2014","journal-title":"Health Aff."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"1","article-title":"2000 CDC Growth Charts for the United States: Methods and development","volume":"246","author":"Kuczmarski","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vital Health Stat. 11"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-2107C","article-title":"Expert Panel on Integrated Guidelines for Cardiovascular Health and Risk Reduction in Children and Adolescents; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Expert panel on integrated guidelines for cardiovascular health and risk reduction in children and adolescents: Summary report","volume":"128","author":"FOR","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Diabetes Association (2016). Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2016 Abridged for Primary Care Providers. Clin. Diabetes, 34, 3\u201321.","DOI":"10.2337\/diaclin.34.1.3"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Child and Adolescent Health Measurement Initiative (2016, June 01). Data Resource Center for Child and Adolescent Health. 2016 National Survey of Children\u2019s Health (NSCH) Data Query. Available online: www.childhealthdata.org."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1111\/pedi.12523","article-title":"Associations between major life events and adherence, glycemic control, and psychosocial characteristics in teens with type 1 diabetes","volume":"19","author":"Commissariat","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1001\/archpediatrics.2009.214","article-title":"Adverse childhood experiences and adult risk factors for age-related disease: Depression, inflammation, and clustering of metabolic risk markers","volume":"163","author":"Danese","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-2403","article-title":"Obesity and type 2 diabetes risk in midadult life: The role of childhood adversity","volume":"121","author":"Thomas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2017.05.003","article-title":"General and diabetes-specific stress in adolescents with type 1 diabetes","volume":"130","author":"Rechenberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.20421","article-title":"Adverse childhood events are associated with obesity and disordered eating: Results from a U.S. population-based survey of young adults","volume":"22","author":"Fuemmeler","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Trauma. Stress"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2015.06.081","article-title":"Childhood abuse victimization, stress-related eating, and weight status in young women","volume":"25","author":"Mason","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2017.03.035","article-title":"Eating patterns in adolescents with type 1 diabetes: Associations with metabolic control, insulin omission, and eating disorder pathology","volume":"114","author":"Wisting","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.22138","article-title":"Detecting intentional insulin omission for weight loss in girls with type 1 diabetes mellitus","volume":"46","author":"Hamiel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2016.08.002","article-title":"The impact of adverse childhood experiences on obesity and unhealthy weight control behaviors among adolescents","volume":"71","author":"Isohookana","year":"2016","journal-title":"Compr. Psychiat."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2013.10.004","article-title":"The association between childhood trauma and lipid levels in an adult low-income, minority population","volume":"36","author":"Spann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gen. Hosp. Psychiat."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2015.03.017","article-title":"The history of childhood trauma is associated with lipid disturbances and blood pressure in adult first-episode schizophrenia patients","volume":"37","author":"Misiak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gen. Hosp. Psychiat."}],"container-title":["Children"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/7\/1\/8\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T14:05:22Z","timestamp":1760364322000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/7\/1\/8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,18]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]}},"alternative-id":["children7010008"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/children7010008","relation":{},"ISSN":["2227-9067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2227-9067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,18]]}}}