{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T11:14:48Z","timestamp":1792062888008,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,10]],"date-time":"2020-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1586476800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Although many existing measures tabulate specific risk factors to yield cumulative risk indices, there is a need for low-burden strategies to estimate general adversity exposure. Aims and Methods: This study introduces a brief, new measure of lifetime adversity, the Child Life Challenges Scale (CLCS), and examines its validity in a sample of parents and children residing in emergency housing. The CLCS comprises a single global item for rating cumulative life challenges utilizing either a paper-pencil scale or a sliding scale on a tablet. Parents are provided with anchor examples of mild and extreme challenges and asked to mark a location along the scale reflecting number and severity of challenges in their children\u2019s lives to date. Study participants included 99 parents and their 3- to 6-year-old children. Results: CLCS scores were moderately associated with children\u2019s parent-reported total life stressors, and these associations were robust to controls for parental history of adversity, parental distress, and family demographics. Control variables also did not moderate associations between CLCS scores and total life stressors, suggesting that the CLCS functions similarly across a range of sociodemographic risk. Paper-pencil and tablet versions showed similar convergent validity. Conclusion: The CLCS shows promise as an efficient measure for estimating children\u2019s lifetime adversity with minimal parent or administrator burden.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children7040033","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,13]],"date-time":"2020-04-13T04:45:31Z","timestamp":1586753131000},"page":"33","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["The Child Life Challenges Scale (CLCS): Associations of a Single-Item Rating of Global Child Adversity with Children\u2019s Total Life Stressors and Parents\u2019 Childhood Adversity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0114-5952","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jillian S.","family":"Merrick","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80210, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madelyn H.","family":"Labella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela J.","family":"Narayan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80210, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher D.","family":"Desjardins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics and Statistics, St. Michael\u2019s College, Colchester, VT 05439, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9205-5046","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew J.","family":"Barnes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ann S.","family":"Masten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e232","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-2663","article-title":"The Lifelong Effects of Early Childhood Adversity and Toxic Stress","volume":"129","author":"Shonkoff","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.160.12.1232","article-title":"Effect of Early Childhood Adversity on Child Health","volume":"160","author":"Flaherty","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. Pediatrics Adolesc. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2013.22","article-title":"Adverse Childhood Experiences and Child Health in Early Adolescence","volume":"167","author":"Flaherty","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2007.11.023","article-title":"The Impact of Cumulative Childhood Adversity on Young Adult Mental Health: Measures, Models, and Interpretations","volume":"66","author":"Schilling","year":"2008","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"(2019, December 20). Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs), Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/violenceprevention\/childabuseandneglect\/acestudy\/."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2019.04.001","article-title":"Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults: The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study","volume":"56","author":"Felitti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acap.2014.09.010","article-title":"Trajectories of Adverse Childhood Experiences and Self-Reported Health at Age 18","volume":"15","author":"Thompson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acad. Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1080\/10409280701610796a","article-title":"The School Entry Gap: Socioeconomic, Family, and Health Factors Associated with Children\u2019s School Readiness to Learn","volume":"18","author":"Janus","year":"2007","journal-title":"Early Educ. Dev."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.59.8.741","article-title":"Childhood Adversities, Interpersonal Difficulties, and Risk for Suicide Attempts during Late Adolescence and Early Adulthood","volume":"59","author":"Johnson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hughes, K., Lowey, H., Quigg, Z., and Bellis, M.A. (2016). Relationships between Adverse Childhood Experiences and Adult Mental Well-Being: Results from an English National Household Survey. BMC Public Health, 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-2906-3"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2013.07.011","article-title":"Impacts of Adverse Childhood Experiences on Health, Mental Health, and Substance Use in Early Adulthood: A Cohort Study of an Urban, Minority Sample in the US","volume":"37","author":"Mersky","year":"2013","journal-title":"Child Abus. Negl."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2016.10.021","article-title":"Adverse Childhood Experiences and Life Opportunities: Shifting the Narrative","volume":"72","author":"Metzler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Child. Youth Serv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167217736049","article-title":"Multiple Dimensions of Childhood Abuse and Neglect Prospectively Predict Poorer Adult Romantic Functioning","volume":"44","author":"Labella","year":"2018","journal-title":"Personal. Soc. Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-013-9782-4","article-title":"Adolescent Conflict as a Developmental Process in the Prospective Pathway from Exposure to Interparental Violence to Dating Violence","volume":"42","author":"Narayan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Child Psychol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1017\/S095457941300031X","article-title":"Developmental Timing and Continuity of Exposure to Interparental Violence and Externalizing Behavior as Prospective Predictors of Dating Violence","volume":"25","author":"Narayan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dev. Psychopathol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1037\/a0016245","article-title":"The Intergenerational Transmission of Parenting: Introduction to the Special Section","volume":"45","author":"Belsky","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1017\/S095457941800158X","article-title":"Romantic Functioning Mediates Prospective Associations between Childhood Abuse and Neglect and Parenting Outcomes in Adulthood","volume":"31","author":"Labella","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dev. Psychopathol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e278","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2008-3247","article-title":"Parenting Attitudes and Infant Spanking: The Influence of Childhood Experiences","volume":"124","author":"Chung","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1037\/ort0000133","article-title":"Intergenerational Continuity of Adverse Childhood Experiences in Homeless Families: Unpacking Exposure to Maltreatment versus Family Dysfunction","volume":"87","author":"Narayan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthopsychiatry"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.1037\/a0031808","article-title":"Cumulative Risk and Child Development","volume":"139","author":"Evans","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Obradovi\u0107, J., Shaffer, A., and Masten, A.S. (2012). The Cambridge Handbook of Environment in Human Development, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1024456713321","article-title":"Assessing Traumatic Event Exposure: General Issues and Preliminary Findings for the Stressful Life Events Screening Questionnaire","volume":"11","author":"Goodman","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Trauma. Stress Off. Publ. Int. Soc. Trauma. Stress Stud."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.61.2.335","article-title":"Children in Homeless Families: Risks to Mental Health and Development","volume":"61","author":"Masten","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Consult. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-019-0431-7","article-title":"Cumulative Psychosocial Risk and Early Child Development: Validation and Use of the Childhood Psychosocial Adversity Scale in Global Health Research","volume":"86","author":"Berens","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatric Res."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"(2019, December 20). Life Stressor Checklist\u2014Revised, Available online: https:\/\/www.ptsd.va.gov\/professional\/assessment\/documents\/LSC-R.pdf."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3999(72)90045-1","article-title":"The Significance of Life Events as Etiologic Factors in the Diseases of Children: I. A Survey of Professional Workers","volume":"16","author":"Coddington","year":"1972","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1988.tb00751.x","article-title":"Competence and Stress in School Children: The Moderating Effects of Individual and Family Qualities","volume":"29","author":"Masten","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1177\/104973159900900105","article-title":"Assessment of Posttraumatic Symptoms in Children: Development and Preliminary Validation of Parent and Child Scales","volume":"9","author":"Greenwald","year":"1999","journal-title":"Res. Soc. Work Pract."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"(2019, December 20). Traumatic Events Screening Inventory\u2014Parent Report Revised\u2014Long Version. Available online: http:\/\/www.icctc.org\/PMM%20Handouts\/TESI-prr-final1.pdf."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"111","article-title":"Assessing life stress in older children and adolescents: Preliminary findings with the Life Events Checklist","volume":"7","author":"Johnson","year":"1980","journal-title":"Stress Anxiety"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327795jra0401_5","article-title":"Life Events and Adjustment in Adolescents: The Significance of Event Independence, Desirability, and Chronicity","volume":"4","author":"Masten","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Res. Adolesc."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.2490050408","article-title":"Adolescent Survivors of Massive Childhood Trauma in Cambodia: Life Events and Current Symptoms","volume":"5","author":"Realmuto","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Trauma. Stress"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2009.05336.x","article-title":"Multiple Risk Exposure as a Potential Explanatory Mechanism for the Socioeconomic Status\u2013Health Gradient","volume":"1186","author":"Evans","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.56.3.227","article-title":"Ordinary Magic: Resilience Processes in Development","volume":"56","author":"Masten","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Sameroff, A. (2006). The Jacobs Foundation Series on Adolescence. Families Count: Effects on Child and Adolescent Development, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.79.3.343","article-title":"Intelligence Quotient Scores of 4-Year-Old Children: Social-Environmental Risk Factors","volume":"79","author":"Sameroff","year":"1987","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schmidt, M.R., Narayan, A.J., Atzl, V.M., Rivera, L.M., and Lieberman, A.F. (2018). Childhood Maltreatment on the Adverse Childhood Experiences (Aces) Scale versus the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (Ctq) in a Perinatal Sample. J. Aggress. Maltreatment Trauma.","DOI":"10.1080\/10926771.2018.1524806"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2015.05.004","article-title":"Does It Hurt to Ask? A Meta-Analysis of Participant Reactions to Trauma Research","volume":"40","author":"Jaffe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1023\/B:JOTS.0000004080.50361.f3","article-title":"Effects of Trauma-focused Research on Recent Domestic Violence Survivors","volume":"16","author":"Johnson","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Trauma. Stress Off. Publ. Int. Soc. Trauma. Stress Stud."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1023\/B:JOTS.0000048951.02568.3a","article-title":"The Risks and Benefits of Participating in Trauma-focused Research Studies","volume":"17","author":"Newman","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Trauma. Stress Off. Publ. Int. Soc. Trauma. Stress Stud."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1300\/J229v04n02_08","article-title":"Distress in Response to and Perceived Usefulness of Trauma Research Interviews","volume":"4","author":"Carlson","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Trauma Dissociation"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1011526211933","article-title":"Research as Clinical Practice: Creating a Positive Research Experience for Survivors of Sexual Abuse by Professionals","volume":"3","author":"Disch","year":"2001","journal-title":"Sociol. Pract."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1525\/jer.2006.1.3.29","article-title":"Ethical Issues in Trauma-Related Research: A Review","volume":"1","author":"Newman","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Empir. Res. Hum. Res. Ethics"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1300\/J189v03n04_02","article-title":"Costs and Benefits of Being Asked about Trauma History","volume":"3","author":"DePrince","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Trauma Pract."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.7812\/TPP\/16-055","article-title":"Patient Preferences for Discussing Childhood Trauma in Primary Care","volume":"21","author":"Goldstein","year":"2017","journal-title":"Perm. J."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-8343(99)00011-0","article-title":"Assessing the Ethical Costs and Benefits of Trauma-Focused Research","volume":"21","author":"Newman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Gen. Hosp. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-8343(97)00061-3","article-title":"Does the Study of Victimization Revictimize the Victims?","volume":"19","author":"Walker","year":"1997","journal-title":"Gen. Hosp. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-019-0613-3","article-title":"Identifying Adverse Childhood Experiences in Pediatrics to Prevent Chronic Health Conditions","volume":"87","author":"Barnes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatric Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1111\/phn.12345","article-title":"Parents\u2019 Adverse Childhood Experiences and Mental Health Screening Using Home Visiting Programs: A Pilot Study","volume":"34","author":"Johnson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Public Health Nurs."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weinreb, L., Savageau, J.A., Candib, L.M., Reed, G.W., Fletcher, K.E., and Hargraves, J.L. (2010). Screening for Childhood Trauma in Adult Primary Care Patients: A Cross-Sectional Survey. Prim. Care Companion J. Clin. Psychiatry, 12.","DOI":"10.4088\/PCC.10m00950blu"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acap.2015.08.002","article-title":"Do Pediatricians Ask about Adverse Childhood Experiences in Pediatric Primary Care?","volume":"16","author":"Kerker","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acad. Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1002\/2327-6924.12378","article-title":"Nurse Practitioner Screening for Childhood Adversity among Adult Primary Care Patients: A Mixed-method Study","volume":"29","author":"Kalmakis","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Assoc. Nurse Pract."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"7","article-title":"Adverse Childhood Experiences: Survey of Resident Practice, Knowledge, and Attitude","volume":"49","author":"Tink","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fam. Med."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"(2019, December 20). Addressing Adverse Childhood Experiences and Other Types of Trauma in the Primary Care Setting. Available online: https:\/\/www.aap.org\/en-us\/Documents\/ttb_addressing_aces.pdf."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.162.5.447","article-title":"Identifying, Treating, and Referring Traumatized Children: The Role of Pediatric Providers","volume":"162","author":"Cohen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch. Pediatrics Adolesc. Med."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e224","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-2662","article-title":"Early Childhood Adversity, Toxic Stress, and the Role of the Pediatrician: Translating Developmental Science into Lifelong Health","volume":"129","author":"Garner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.3122\/jabfm.2016.03.150310","article-title":"Screening for Adverse Childhood Experiences in a Family Medicine Setting: A Feasibility Study","volume":"29","author":"Glowa","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Board Fam. Med."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Merrick, J.S., Labella, M., Desjardins, C.D., Barnes, A., and Masten, A.S. (2017). Child Life Challenges Scale: Evidence of Validity as a Lifetime Adversity Measure, Society for Research on Child Development."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1080\/15299732.2015.1058878","article-title":"Matched Trauma: The Role of Parents\u2019 and Children\u2019s Shared History of Childhood Domestic Violence Exposure in Parents\u2019 Report of Children\u2019s Trauma-Related Symptomatology","volume":"17","author":"Cohodes","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Trauma Dissociation"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291715002032","article-title":"Consistency in Adult Reporting of Adverse Childhood Experiences","volume":"46","author":"Colman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Masten, A.S., and Kalstabakken, A.W. (2018). APA Handbook of Psychopathology: Child and Adolescent Psychopathology, American Psychological Association."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"135","article-title":"Allostasis and Allostatic Load","volume":"1","author":"Mcewen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Encycl. Stress"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579499001996","article-title":"Competence in the Context of Adversity: Pathways to Resilience and Maladaptation from Childhood to Late Adolescence","volume":"11","author":"Masten","year":"1999","journal-title":"Dev. Psychopathol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3089","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.286.24.3089","article-title":"Childhood Abuse, Household Dysfunction, and the Risk of Attempted Suicide throughout the Life Span: Findings from the Adverse Childhood Experiences Study","volume":"286","author":"Dube","year":"2001","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.60.2.184","article-title":"Screening for Serious Mental Illness in the General Population","volume":"60","author":"Kessler","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Cook, R.D., and Weisberg, S. (1982). Residuals and Influence in Regression, Chapman and Hall."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"Rawlings, J.O. (1988). Applied Regression Analysis: A Research Tool, Wadsworth & Brooks."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"Rubin, D.B. (2004). Multiple Imputation for Nonresponse in Surveys, John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.7.2.147","article-title":"Missing Data: Our View of the State of the Art","volume":"7","author":"Schafer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"Willis, G.B. (2004). Cognitive Interviewing: A Tool for Improving Questionnaire Design, Sage Publications."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1037\/a0019156","article-title":"Agreement of Parent and Child Reports of Trauma Exposure and Symptoms in the Early Aftermath of a Traumatic Event","volume":"2","author":"Stover","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychol. Trauma Theory Res. Pract. Policy"},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"Sullivan, M.M., Fiat, A.E., Merrick, J.S., Labella, M.H., Nelson, K.M., and Masten, A.E. (2019, January 30). Validity of the Life Challenges Scale: A Single-Item Scale to Assess Lifetime Adversity. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Society for Prevention Research, San Diego, CA, USA."}],"container-title":["Children"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/7\/4\/33\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:17:27Z","timestamp":1760174247000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/7\/4\/33"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,10]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]}},"alternative-id":["children7040033"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/children7040033","relation":{},"ISSN":["2227-9067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2227-9067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,10]]}}}