{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T05:38:15Z","timestamp":1790401095219,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,29]],"date-time":"2020-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603929600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Congenital syphilis still represents a worldwide public health problem. If left untreated, it can lead to fetal demise and high neonatal morbidity and mortality. Unfortunately, in the last decade, there has been a resurgence of cases in the U.S. This review discusses the ongoing problem of this preventable congenital infection, vertical transmission and clinical manifestations while providing a guidance for the evaluation and management of infants born to mothers with reactive serologic tests for syphilis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children7110203","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,29]],"date-time":"2020-10-29T09:44:53Z","timestamp":1603964693000},"page":"203","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Congenital Syphilis: A U.S. Perspective"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4072-7135","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alvaro","family":"Galvis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Children\u2019s Hospital of Orange County, Orange, CA 92868, USA"},{"name":"School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Arrieta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Children\u2019s Hospital of Orange County, Orange, CA 92868, USA"},{"name":"School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(1989). Congenital syphilis--New York City, 1986\u20131988. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep., 38, 825\u2013829."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00837-5","article-title":"Stillbirths: Rates, risk factors, and acceleration towards 2030","volume":"387","author":"Lawn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semperi.2018.02.005","article-title":"Congenital syphilis","volume":"42","author":"Cooper","year":"2018","journal-title":"Semin. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6922a1","article-title":"Missed Opportunities for Prevention of Congenital Syphilis","volume":"69","author":"Kimball","year":"2020","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Korenromp, E.L., Rowley, J., Alonso, M., Mello, M.B., Wijesooriya, N.S., Mahian\u00e9, S.G., Ishikawa, N., Le, L.-V., Newman-Owiredu, M., and Nagelkerke, N. (2019). Global burden of maternal and congenital syphilis and associated adverse birth outcomes\u2014Estimates for 2016 and progress since 2012. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0219613"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2019). Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance 2018."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1903","article-title":"The pathogenesis of syphilis: The Great Mimicker, revisited","volume":"208","author":"Peeling","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2018.03.015","article-title":"Genetics of human and animal uncultivable treponemal pathogens","volume":"61","author":"Strouhal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"1","article-title":"The Treponema pallidum Outer Membrane","volume":"415","author":"Radolf","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2016.141","article-title":"Treponema pallidum, the syphilis spirochete: Making a living as a stealth pathogen","volume":"14","author":"Radolf","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4124","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00710-12","article-title":"Whole-Genome Sequence of Staphylococcus aureus Strain LCT-SA112","volume":"194","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e79","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.109.5.e79","article-title":"Mortality associated with congenital syphilis in the United States, 1992\u20131998","volume":"109","author":"Gust","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.10.007","article-title":"Congenital syphilis: Trends in mortality and morbidity in the United States, 1999 through 2013","volume":"214","author":"Su","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199011083231902","article-title":"Congenital Syphilis Presenting in Infants after the Newborn Period","volume":"323","author":"Dorfman","year":"1990","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1038\/jp.2017.103","article-title":"Congenital syphilis in neonates with nonreactive nontreponemal test results","volume":"37","author":"Wozniak","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.11785","article-title":"Screening for Syphilis Infection in Pregnant Women","volume":"320","author":"Force","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1891\/0730-0832.30.5.320","article-title":"Resurgence of Congenital Syphilis: Diagnosis and Treatment","volume":"30","author":"Follett","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neonatal Netw."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1097\/00024382-200307000-00020","article-title":"Principles and Practice of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, 2nd Ed","volume":"20","author":"Long","year":"2003","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2157","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMicm1904420","article-title":"Congenital Syphilis","volume":"381","author":"Arrieta","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2015.09.005","article-title":"Wimberger Sign in Congenital Syphilis","volume":"167","author":"Stephens","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1970.04000070080012","article-title":"Manifestations of Late Congenital Syphilis","volume":"102","author":"Fiumara","year":"1970","journal-title":"Arch. Derm."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"1","article-title":"Syphilis Infection during Pregnancy: Fetal Risks and Clinical Management","volume":"2012","author":"Mappa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1470.2010.01288.x","article-title":"Congenital Syphilis: Early- and Late-Stage Findings of Rhagades and Dental Anomalies","volume":"28","author":"Khetarpal","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatr. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-019-0387-9","article-title":"Evaluating congenital syphilis in a reverse sequence testing environment","volume":"39","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"American Academy of Pediatrics (2018). Committee on Infectious, D. Red Book: Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases, American Academy of Pediatrics."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1086\/655832","article-title":"Novel Treponema pallidum Serologic Tests: A Paradigm Shift in Syphilis Screening for the 21st Century","volume":"51","author":"White","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"(2011). Discordant results from reverse sequence syphilis screening--five laboratories, United States, 2006\u20132010. MMWR. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep., 60, 133\u2013137."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1901593","article-title":"The Modern Epidemic of Syphilis","volume":"382","author":"Ghanem","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(96)70441-9","article-title":"Lumbar puncture in the evaluation of possible asymptomatic congenital syphilis in neonates","volume":"128","author":"Beeram","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.12.107623","article-title":"Untreated maternal syphilis and adverse outcomes of pregnancy: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"91","author":"Gomez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"CDPH (2020, September 29). Congenital Syphilis Algorithm. California Department of Public Health, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdph.ca.gov\/Programs\/CID\/DCDC\/Pages\/CongenitalSyphilis.aspx."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000638","article-title":"Effectiveness of Prenatal Screening and Treatment to Prevent Congenital Syphilis, Louisiana and Florida, 2013\u20132014","volume":"44","author":"Matthias","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sex. Transm. Dis."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2073","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.17031","article-title":"Ending Congenital Syphilis","volume":"322","author":"Stafford","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA"}],"container-title":["Children"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/7\/11\/203\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:30:28Z","timestamp":1760178628000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/7\/11\/203"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,29]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]}},"alternative-id":["children7110203"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/children7110203","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.20944\/preprints202010.0056.v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2227-9067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2227-9067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,29]]}}}