{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T00:20:19Z","timestamp":1775175619608,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,12]],"date-time":"2021-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613088000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The National Centre for Health Information Systems","award":["CSIOZ\/124\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSIOZ\/124\/2018"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Data from the Polish Registry of Congenital Malformations (PRCM) suggest that the prevalence of limb reduction defects (LRDs) in some Polish regions is significantly higher in comparison to that reported in the European Surveillance of Congenital Anomalies (EUROCAT) registry, but specific risk factors are still unknown. The objectives of this study were two-fold: to detect risk factors linked to isolated LRDs among Polish natives and to search for geospatial clusters of isolated LRDs to identify high-risk areas across the country. Among the 2,939,001 births accounted for in the PRCM, we determined that there were 852 children with distinct LRDs. Our data demonstrate that lower birth weight, prematurity, and maternal smoking history are strongly associated with isolated LRDs. Furthermore, our investigation pointed to various additional risk factors for isolated LRDs, including paternal education, gestational hypertension, upper respiratory tract infections, and exposure to anti-inflammatory drugs in the first trimester of pregnancy. We did not recognize statistically significant spatial or spatiotemporal clusters over the area of Poland using Kulldorff\u2019s scan. Our study strengthens the hypothesis that maternal factors have an integral role in the etiology of isolated LRDs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children8020138","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,12]],"date-time":"2021-02-12T18:45:00Z","timestamp":1613155500000},"page":"138","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Maternal Risk Factors Associated with Limb Reduction Defects: Data from the Polish Registry of Congenital Malformations (PRCM)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2889-5892","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Materna-Kiryluk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Polish Registry of Congenital Malformations, Chair and Department of Medical Genetics, University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Wisniewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology Unit, Department of Preventive Medicine Poznan, University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1811-2583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara","family":"Wieckowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Statistics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jolanta","family":"Wierzba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal and Pediatric Nursing, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-952 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Jazdzewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Surgery and Burn Treatment Unit, Specialist Mother and Child Healthcare Centre in Poznan, 61-825 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Beata","family":"Jaroszewska-Swiatek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pediatrics, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Children\u2019s Hospital in Olsztyn, 10-561 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kinga","family":"Skotnicka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polish Registry of Congenital Malformations, Chair and Department of Medical Genetics, University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Latos-Bielenska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polish Registry of Congenital Malformations, Chair and Department of Medical Genetics, University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0028-1111892","article-title":"Thalidomide embryopathy","volume":"87","author":"Lenz","year":"1962","journal-title":"Dtsch. 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