{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T09:20:17Z","timestamp":1787563217225,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,20]],"date-time":"2021-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616198400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Musculoskeletal pain is common in the general pediatric population and is a challenge to youth, their parents, and society. The majority of children experiencing musculoskeletal pain will recover; however, a small subgroup of youth develops chronic pain. There is limited understanding of the factors that affect the transition from acute to chronic pain in youth. This review introduces sleep deficiency in the acute to chronic pain transition, exploring the potential mediational or mechanistic role and pathways of sleep in this process, including the interaction with sensory, psychological, and social components of pain and highlighting new avenues for treatment. Biological mechanisms include the increased production of inflammatory mediators and the effect on the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and on the dopaminergic signaling. Psychological and social components include the effect of sleep on the emotional-affective and behavioral components of pain, the negative impact on daily and social activities and coping strategies and on the reward system, increased pain catastrophizing, fear of pain, pain-related anxiety, hypervigilance, and social isolation. Future longitudinal studies are needed to elucidate these mechanistic pathways of the effect of sleep on the transition from acute to chronic pain, which may lead to the development of new treatment targets to prevent this transition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children8030241","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,21]],"date-time":"2021-03-21T22:00:37Z","timestamp":1616364037000},"page":"241","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["The Role of Sleep in the Transition from Acute to Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain in Youth\u2014A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6141-5056","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Andreucci","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for General Practice, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg \u00d8st, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cornelius B.","family":"Groenewald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98105, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael Skovdal","family":"Rathleff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for General Practice, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg \u00d8st, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Health Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, 9000 Aalborg, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tonya M.","family":"Palermo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98105, USA"},{"name":"Center for Child Health, Behavior and Development, Seattle Children\u2019s Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98122, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2729","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2011.07.016","article-title":"The epidemiology of chronic pain in children and adolescents revisited: A systematic review","volume":"152","author":"King","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2421","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001401","article-title":"When pain gets stuck: The evolution of pain chronification and treatment resistance","volume":"159","author":"Borsook","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e024113","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-024113","article-title":"5- Year Prognosis and Impact of Adolescent Knee Pain: A Prospective Population-Based Cohort Study in 504 Adolescents","volume":"9","author":"Rathleff","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2019.01.003","article-title":"Eighteen-Year Trends in the Prevalence of, and Health Care Use for, Noncancer Pain in the United States: Data from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey","volume":"20","author":"Nahin","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. 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