{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T18:48:02Z","timestamp":1792176482945,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,31]],"date-time":"2021-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617148800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001515","name":"Cure Kids","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["9518"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["9518"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001515","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"The New Zealand Lottery Grants Board","award":["AP91256"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AP91256"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Increasing evidence suggests that prenatal exposure to opioids may affect brain development, but limited data exist on the effects of opioid-exposure on preschool language development. Our study aimed to characterize the nature and prevalence of language problems in children prenatally exposed to opioids, and the factors that support or hinder language acquisition. A sample of 100 children born to pregnant women in methadone maintenance treatment and 110 randomly identified non-exposed children were studied from birth to age 4.5 years. At 4.5 years, 89 opioid-exposed and 103 non-exposed children completed the preschool version of the Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals (CELF-P) as part of a comprehensive neurodevelopmental assessment. Children prenatally exposed to opioids had poorer receptive and expressive language outcomes at age 4.5 years compared to non-opioid exposed children. After adjustment for child sex, maternal education, other pregnancy substance use, maternal pregnancy nutrition and prenatal depression, opioid exposure remained a significant independent predictor of children\u2019s total CELF-P language score. Examination of a range of potential intervening factors showed that a composite measure of the quality of parenting and home environment at age 18 months and early childhood education participation at 4.5 years were important positive mediators.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children8040268","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,31]],"date-time":"2021-03-31T05:57:18Z","timestamp":1617170238000},"page":"268","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Preschool Language Development of Children Born to Women with an Opioid Use Disorder"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0138-0653","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyun Min","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand"},{"name":"Child Well-Being Research Institute, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reisha M.","family":"Bone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brigid","family":"McNeill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child Well-Being Research Institute, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand"},{"name":"School of Teacher Education, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samantha J.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand"},{"name":"Child Well-Being Research Institute, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gail","family":"Gillon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child Well-Being Research Institute, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lianne J.","family":"Woodward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand"},{"name":"Child Well-Being Research Institute, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15309","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-72084-6","article-title":"Causes and consequences of the opioid epidemic in the Netherlands: A population-based cohort study","volume":"10","author":"Bedene","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. 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