{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T21:48:16Z","timestamp":1787694496604,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":243,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,13]],"date-time":"2021-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618272000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Very preterm birth often results in the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) with an inverse correlation of gestational age and birthweight. This very preterm population is especially exposed to interventions, which affect the development of BPD. Objective: The goal of our review is to summarize the evidence on these daily procedures and provide evidence-based recommendations for the management of BPD. Methods: We conducted a systematic literature research using MEDLINE\/PubMed on antenatal corticosteroids, surfactant-replacement therapy, caffeine, ventilation strategies, postnatal corticosteroids, inhaled nitric oxide, inhaled bronchodilators, macrolides, patent ductus arteriosus, fluid management, vitamin A, treatment of pulmonary hypertension and stem cell therapy. Results: Evidence provided by meta-analyses, systematic reviews, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and large observational studies are summarized as a narrative review. Discussion: There is strong evidence for the use of antenatal corticosteroids, surfactant-replacement therapy, especially in combination with noninvasive ventilation strategies, caffeine and lung-protective ventilation strategies. A more differentiated approach has to be applied to corticosteroid treatment, the management of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), fluid-intake and vitamin A supplementation, as well as the treatment of BPD-associated pulmonary hypertension. There is no evidence for the routine use of inhaled bronchodilators and prophylactic inhaled nitric oxide. Stem cell therapy is promising, but should be used in RCTs only.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children8040298","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,13]],"date-time":"2021-04-13T10:58:07Z","timestamp":1618311487000},"page":"298","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Evidence for the Management of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia in Very Preterm Infants"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8661-9645","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tobias","family":"Muehlbacher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dirk","family":"Bassler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5981-1006","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel B.","family":"Bryant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM196702162760701","article-title":"Pulmonary disease following respirator therapy of hyaline-membrane disease. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia","volume":"276","author":"Northway","year":"1967","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.82.4.527","article-title":"Abnormal pulmonary outcomes in premature infants: Prediction from oxygen requirement in the neonatal period","volume":"82","author":"Shennan","year":"1988","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.163.7.2011060","article-title":"Bronchopulmonary dysplasia","volume":"163","author":"Jobe","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201812-2348OC","article-title":"The Diagnosis of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia in Very Preterm Infants. An Evidence-based Approach","volume":"200","author":"Jensen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.23235","article-title":"Epidemiology of bronchopulmonary dysplasia","volume":"100","author":"Jensen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res. A Clin. Mol. Teratol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2006.09.014","article-title":"Trends in neonatal morbidity and mortality for very low birthweight infants","volume":"196","author":"Fanaroff","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.10244","article-title":"Trends in Care Practices, Morbidity, and Mortality of Extremely Preterm Neonates, 1993\u20132012","volume":"314","author":"Stoll","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199912000-00007","article-title":"The new BPD: An arrest of lung development","volume":"46","author":"Jobe","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-019-0127-7","article-title":"Bronchopulmonary dysplasia","volume":"5","author":"Thebaud","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1038\/jp.2017.89","article-title":"Mortality among infants with evolving bronchopulmonary dysplasia increases with major surgery and with pulmonary hypertension","volume":"37","author":"DeVries","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2020.105275","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental outcomes in very preterm infants: The role of severity of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia","volume":"152","author":"Gallini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Early Hum. Dev."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.50.4.515","article-title":"A controlled trial of antepartum glucocorticoid treatment for prevention of the respiratory distress syndrome in premature infants","volume":"50","author":"Liggins","year":"1972","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1990.tb01711.x","article-title":"The effects of corticosteroid administration before preterm delivery: An overview of the evidence from controlled trials","volume":"97","author":"Crowley","year":"1990","journal-title":"Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"(1994). Effect of corticosteroids for fetal maturation on perinatal outcomes. NIH Consens. Statement, 12, 1\u201324."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1995.03520290065031","article-title":"Effect of corticosteroids for fetal maturation on perinatal outcomes. NIH Consensus Development Panel on the Effect of Corticosteroids for Fetal Maturation on Perinatal Outcomes","volume":"273","author":"Gilstrap","year":"1995","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"CD004454","article-title":"Antenatal corticosteroids for accelerating fetal lung maturation for women at risk of preterm birth","volume":"3","author":"Roberts","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F95","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2009.170340","article-title":"Antenatal corticosteroids and neonatal outcomes according to gestational age: A cohort study","volume":"95","author":"Manktelow","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2010.12.039","article-title":"Antenatal corticosteroids promote survival of extremely preterm infants born at 22 to 23 weeks of gestation","volume":"159","author":"Mori","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.05.037","article-title":"The role of antenatal corticosteroids in twin pregnancies complicated by preterm birth","volume":"215","author":"Melamed","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100215","article-title":"Antenatal corticosteroids in preterm small-for-gestational age infants: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"2","author":"Blankenship","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. MFM"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F173","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2017-313840","article-title":"Antenatal corticosteroids in impending preterm deliveries before 25 weeks\u2019 gestation","volume":"103","author":"Deshmukh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1159\/000358189","article-title":"Association of antenatal corticosteroids and the mode of delivery with the mortality and morbidity of infants weighing less than 1500g at birth in Japan","volume":"106","author":"Sasaki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F12","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2013-304705","article-title":"Antenatal steroid exposure and outcomes of very premature infants: A regional cohort study","volume":"99","author":"Wong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2005-916332","article-title":"Antenatal glucocorticoid treatment decreases mortality and chronic lung disease in survivors among 23- to 28-week gestational age preterm infants","volume":"22","author":"Serrano","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000000840","article-title":"Association Between Antenatal Corticosteroid Administration-to-Birth Interval and Outcomes of Preterm Neonates","volume":"125","author":"Melamed","year":"2015","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-017-2403-z","article-title":"The Joint Effects of Antenatal Steroids and Gestational Age on Improved Outcomes in Neonates","volume":"22","author":"Goldstein","year":"2018","journal-title":"Matern. Child. Health J."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Battarbee, A.N., Ros, S.T., Esplin, M.S., Biggio, J., Bukowski, R., Parry, S., Zhang, H., Huang, H., Andrews, W., and Saade, G. (2020). Optimal timing of antenatal corticosteroid administration and preterm neonatal and early childhood outcomes. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. MFM, 2.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2019.100077"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.11.554","article-title":"Mortality and pulmonary outcomes of extremely preterm infants exposed to antenatal corticosteroids","volume":"218","author":"Travers","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crowther, C.A., McKinlay, C.J., Middleton, P., and Harding, J.E. (2015). Repeat doses of prenatal corticosteroids for women at risk of preterm birth for improving neonatal health outcomes. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., CD003935.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003935.pub4"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(99)70517-X","article-title":"Multiple courses of antenatal corticosteroids and outcome of premature neonates. North American Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone Study Group","volume":"181","author":"Banks","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(80)90489-4","article-title":"Artificial surfactant therapy in hyaline-membrane disease","volume":"1","author":"Fujiwara","year":"1980","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.1991.02160010108027","article-title":"Surfactant replacement therapy in respiratory distress syndrome. Meta-analysis of clinical trials of single-dose surfactant extracts","volume":"145","author":"Hennes","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am. J. Dis. Child."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Soll, R.F. (2000). Synthetic surfactant for respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., CD001149."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soll, R.F. (2000). Prophylactic natural surfactant extract for preventing morbidity and mortality in preterm infants. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., CD000511.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000510"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soll, R., and Ozek, E. (2010). Prophylactic protein free synthetic surfactant for preventing morbidity and mortality in preterm infants. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., CD001079.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD001079.pub2"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seger, N., and Soll, R. (2009). Animal derived surfactant extract for treatment of respiratory distress syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., CD007836.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007836"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-2183","article-title":"A multicenter, randomized, masked, comparison trial of lucinactant, colfosceril palmitate, and beractant for the prevention of respiratory distress syndrome among very preterm infants","volume":"115","author":"Moya","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"CD000144","article-title":"Animal derived surfactant extract versus protein free synthetic surfactant for the prevention and treatment of respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"8","author":"Ardell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pfister, R.H., Soll, R.F., and Wiswell, T. (2007). Protein containing synthetic surfactant versus animal derived surfactant extract for the prevention and treatment of respiratory distress syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., CD006069.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006069.pub2"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, N., Halliday, H.L., Stevens, T.P., Suresh, G., Soll, R., and Rojas-Reyes, M.X. (2015). Comparison of animal-derived surfactants for the prevention and treatment of respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., CD010249.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD010249.pub2"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-020-0603-7","article-title":"Beractant and poractant alfa in premature neonates with respiratory distress syndrome: A systematic review of real-world evidence studies and randomized controlled trials","volume":"40","author":"Bacher","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2004-823779","article-title":"A randomized, multicenter masked comparison trial of poractant alfa (Curosurf) versus beractant (Survanta) in the treatment of respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants","volume":"21","author":"Ramanathan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"469","article-title":"Comparison efficacy of Curosurf and Survanta in preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"31","author":"Mirzarahimi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pak. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conctc.2016.04.003","article-title":"Comparison of efficacy and safety of two available natural surfactants in Iran, Curosurf and Survanta in treatment of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"3","author":"Najafian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Contemp. Clin. Trials Commun."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-002-1144-0","article-title":"Comparison of three treatment regimens of natural surfactant preparations in neonatal respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"162","author":"Baroutis","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F8","DOI":"10.1136\/fn.72.1.F8","article-title":"Randomised clinical trial of two treatment regimens of natural surfactant preparations in neonatal respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"72","author":"Speer","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"7","article-title":"Comparison of side effect of Survanta and Curosurf in decreasing mortality due to respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in premature infants admitted in NICU of Ghaem Hospital on 2006\u20132008","volume":"4","author":"Saeedi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Iran. J. Neonatol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2015.0510","article-title":"Noninvasive Ventilation With vs. Without Early Surfactant to Prevent Chronic Lung Disease in Preterm Infants: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"169","author":"Isayama","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30179-X","article-title":"Lung recruitment before surfactant administration in extremely preterm neonates with respiratory distress syndrome (IN-REC-SUR-E): A randomised, unblinded, controlled trial","volume":"9","author":"Vento","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F17","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2015-310299","article-title":"Less invasive surfactant administration versus intubation for surfactant delivery in preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"102","author":"Pinto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1933","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-016-2789-4","article-title":"Surfactant instillation in spontaneously breathing preterm infants: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"175","author":"Rigo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J. Pediatr"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2219","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.15374","article-title":"Systematic review found that using thin catheters to deliver surfactant to preterm neonates was associated with reduced bronchopulmonary dysplasia and mechanical ventilation","volume":"109","author":"Panza","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.10708","article-title":"Association of Noninvasive Ventilation Strategies With Mortality and Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia Among Preterm Infants: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"316","author":"Isayama","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bellos, I., Fitrou, G., Panza, R., and Pandita, A. (2021). Comparative efficacy of methods for surfactant administration: A network meta-analysis. Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed.","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2020-319763"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.24.1.31","article-title":"The role and regulation of adenosine in the central nervous system","volume":"24","author":"Dunwiddie","year":"2001","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2016.11.011","article-title":"Low, but not high, dose caffeine is a readily available probe for adenosine actions","volume":"55","author":"Fredholm","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Asp. Med."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Bancalari, E. (2008). Strategies for prevention of apneic episodes in preterm infants: Are respiratory stimulants worth the risk?. The Newborn Lung. Neonatology Questions and Controversies, Saunders, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2112","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa054065","article-title":"Caffeine therapy for apnea of prematurity","volume":"354","author":"Schmidt","year":"2006","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1159\/000499361","article-title":"European Consensus Guidelines on the Management of Respiratory Distress Syndrome\u20142019 Update","volume":"115","author":"Sweet","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lodha, A., Entz, R., Synnes, A., Creighton, D., Yusuf, K., Lapointe, A., Yang, J., Shah, P.S., The investigators of the Canadian Neonatal Network, and the Canadian Neonatal Follow-up Network (2019). Early Caffeine Administration and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in Preterm Infants. Pediatrics, 143.","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2018-1348"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.13089","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical outcomes of early caffeine therapy in preterm neonates","volume":"83","author":"Kua","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F523","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2017-313556","article-title":"High versus standard dose caffeine for apnoea: A systematic review","volume":"103","author":"Vliegenthart","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.14586","article-title":"High-versus low-dose caffeine in preterm infants: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"108","author":"Brattstrom","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9061234","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/9061234","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of Different Maintenance Doses of Caffeine Citrate for Treatment of Apnea in Premature Infants: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"2018","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clp.2018.01.012","article-title":"Optimizing Caffeine Use and Risk of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia in Preterm Infants: A Systematic Review, Meta-analysis, and Application of Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation Methodology","volume":"45","author":"Pakvasa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Rose, D.U., Cairoli, S., Dionisi, M., Santisi, A., Massenzi, L., Goffredo, B.M., Dionisi-Vici, C., Dotta, A., and Auriti, C. (2020). Therapeutic Drug Monitoring Is a Feasible Tool to Personalize Drug Administration in Neonates Using New Techniques: An Overview on the Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics in Neonatal Age. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21165898"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moschino, L., Zivanovic, S., Hartley, C., Trevisanuto, D., Baraldi, E., and Roehr, C.C. (2020). Caffeine in preterm infants: Where are we in 2020?. ERJ Open Res., 6.","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00330-2019"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199709000-00016","article-title":"Manual ventilation with a few large breaths at birth compromises the therapeutic effect of subsequent surfactant replacement in immature lambs","volume":"42","author":"Bjorklund","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.157.1.9604014","article-title":"Ventilator-induced lung injury: Lessons from experimental studies","volume":"157","author":"Dreyfuss","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30312-4","article-title":"The evolution of modern respiratory care for preterm infants","volume":"389","author":"Owen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"89","article-title":"Lung-protective ventilatory strategies in intubated preterm neonates with RDS","volume":"23","author":"Reiterer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Paediatr. Respir. Rev."},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"CD000456","article-title":"Synchronized mechanical ventilation for respiratory support in newborn infants","volume":"9","author":"Greenough","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cools, F., Offringa, M., and Askie, L.M. (2015). Elective high frequency oscillatory ventilation versus conventional ventilation for acute pulmonary dysfunction in preterm infants. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., CD000104.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000104.pub4"},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"Bhuta, T., and Henderson-Smart, D.J. (2000). Elective high frequency jet ventilation versus conventional ventilation for respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., CD000328."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ethawi, Y.H., Abou Mehrem, A., Minski, J., Ruth, C.A., and Davis, P.G. (2016). High frequency jet ventilation versus high frequency oscillatory ventilation for pulmonary dysfunction in preterm infants. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., CD010548.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD010548.pub2"},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"CD003666","article-title":"Volume-targeted versus pressure-limited ventilation in neonates","volume":"10","author":"Klingenberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"CD004500","article-title":"Positive end-expiratory pressure for preterm infants requiring conventional mechanical ventilation for respiratory distress syndrome or bronchopulmonary dysplasia","volume":"2","author":"Bamat","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kamlin, C., and Davis, P.G. (2004). Long versus short inspiratory times in neonates receiving mechanical ventilation. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., CD004503.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004503"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Woodgate, P.G., and Davies, M.W. (2001). Permissive hypercapnia for the prevention of morbidity and mortality in mechanically ventilated newborn infants. Cochrane database Syst. Rev. (Online), CD002061.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002061"},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"CD012251","article-title":"Neurally adjusted ventilatory assist compared to other forms of triggered ventilation for neonatal respiratory support","volume":"10","author":"Rossor","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schulzke, S.M., Pillow, J., Ewald, B., and Patole, S.K. (2010). Flow-cycled versus time-cycled synchronized ventilation for neonates. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., CD008246.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008246"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cools, F., Henderson-Smart, D.J., Offringa, M., and Askie, L.M. (2009). Elective high frequency oscillatory ventilation versus conventional ventilation for acute pulmonary dysfunction in preterm infants. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., CD000104.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000104.pub3"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2082","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60278-4","article-title":"Elective high-frequency oscillatory versus conventional ventilation in preterm infants: A systematic review and meta-analysis of individual patients\u2019 data","volume":"375","author":"Cools","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2020.00027","article-title":"Volume Targeted Ventilation and High Frequency Ventilation as the Primary Modes of Respiratory Support for ELBW Babies: What Does the Evidence Say?","volume":"8","author":"Ganguly","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rojas-Reyes, M.X., and Orrego-Rojas, P.A. (2015). Rescue high-frequency jet ventilation versus conventional ventilation for severe pulmonary dysfunction in preterm infants. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., CD000437.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000437.pub3"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2364","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1989.66.5.2364","article-title":"Chest wall restriction limits high airway pressure-induced lung injury in young rabbits","volume":"66","author":"Hernandez","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F108","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2017-314734","article-title":"Volume-targeted ventilation: One size does not fit all. Evidence-based recommendations for successful use","volume":"104","author":"Keszler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2020.00105","article-title":"Volume Guarantee High-Frequency Oscillatory Ventilation in Preterm Infants With RDS: Tidal Volume and DCO2 Levels for Optimal Ventilation Using Open-Lung Strategies","volume":"8","author":"Tuzun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F158","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2013-304613","article-title":"Volume-targeted ventilation is more suitable than pressure-limited ventilation for preterm infants: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"99","author":"Peng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed."},{"key":"ref_90","first-page":"729","article-title":"A comparative study of two ventilation modes in the weaning phase of preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"20","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Zhongguo Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2008.08.005","article-title":"Permissive hypercapnia to decrease lung injury in ventilated preterm neonates","volume":"14","author":"Thome","year":"2009","journal-title":"Semin. Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jp.7211492","article-title":"Hypercapnia during the first 3 days of life is associated with severe intraventricular hemorrhage in very low birth weight infants","volume":"26","author":"Kaiser","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(15)00204-0","article-title":"Permissive hypercapnia in extremely low birthweight infants (PHELBI): A randomised controlled multicentre trial","volume":"3","author":"Thome","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1159\/000092723","article-title":"Outcome of extremely preterm infants randomized at birth to different PaCO2 targets during the first seven days of life","volume":"90","author":"Thome","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biol Neonate"},{"key":"ref_95","first-page":"F376","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental outcomes of extremely low birthweight infants randomised to different PCO2 targets: The PHELBI follow-up study","volume":"102","author":"Thome","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa023080","article-title":"Oxygen-saturation targets and outcomes in extremely preterm infants","volume":"349","author":"Askie","year":"2003","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2190","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.5725","article-title":"Association Between Oxygen Saturation Targeting and Death or Disability in Extremely Preterm Infants in the Neonatal Oxygenation Prospective Meta-analysis Collaboration","volume":"319","author":"Askie","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-017-0037-z","article-title":"Automated versus manual control of inspired oxygen to target oxygen saturation in preterm infants: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"38","author":"Mitra","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-016-2758-y","article-title":"Neurally adjusted ventilatory assist (NAVA) in preterm newborn infants with respiratory distress syndrome-a randomized controlled trial","volume":"175","author":"Kallio","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.3233\/NPM-15814061","article-title":"Early extubation attempts reduce length of stay in extremely preterm infants even if re-intubation is necessary","volume":"8","author":"Robbins","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neonatal Perinat. Med."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2017.04.050","article-title":"Markers of Successful Extubation in Extremely Preterm Infants, and Morbidity After Failed Extubation","volume":"189","author":"Chawla","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2016.02.016","article-title":"Extubating Extremely Preterm Infants: Predictors of Success and Outcomes following Failure","volume":"173","author":"Manley","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F89","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2017-313878","article-title":"Predictors of extubation readiness in preterm infants: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"104","author":"Shalish","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2016.3015","article-title":"Interventions to Improve Rates of Successful Extubation in Preterm Infants: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"171","author":"Ferguson","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2056","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.28304","article-title":"Tracheostomy in Extremely Preterm Neonates in the United States: A Cross-Sectional Analysis","volume":"130","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Donda, K., Agyemang, C.O., Adjetey, N.A., Agyekum, A., Princewill, N., Ayensu, M., Bray, L., Yagnik, P.J., Bhatt, P., and Dapaah-Siakwan, F. (2021). Tracheostomy trends in preterm infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia in the United States: 2008\u20132017. Pediatr. Pulmonol.","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.25273"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.24200","article-title":"A nationwide survey on tracheostomy for very-low-birth-weight infants in Japan","volume":"54","author":"Kurata","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr. Pulmonol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2013.12.014","article-title":"Developmental outcomes of very preterm infants with tracheostomies","volume":"164","author":"DeMauro","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.24087","article-title":"Improved growth and developmental activity post tracheostomy in preterm infants with severe BPD","volume":"53","author":"Luo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr. Pulmonol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.28864","article-title":"A Longitudinal Analysis of Outcomes in Tracheostomy Placement Among Preterm Infants","volume":"131","author":"Wood","year":"2021","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1177\/0009922812465943","article-title":"Outcomes of children treated with tracheostomy and positive-pressure ventilation at home","volume":"52","author":"Com","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Pediatr. (Phila)"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e727","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2012-2990","article-title":"Outcomes of children with severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia who were ventilator dependent at home","volume":"132","author":"Cristea","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2014.07.049","article-title":"An update on the impact of postnatal systemic corticosteroids on mortality and cerebral palsy in preterm infants: Effect modification by risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia","volume":"165","author":"Doyle","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_114","first-page":"CD001145","article-title":"Late (>7 days) systemic postnatal corticosteroids for prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants","volume":"10","author":"Doyle","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_115","first-page":"CD001146","article-title":"Early (<8 days) systemic postnatal corticosteroids for prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants","volume":"10","author":"Doyle","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F506","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2017-313759","article-title":"Corticosteroids for the prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants: A network meta-analysis","volume":"103","author":"Zeng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2018.10.004","article-title":"Effect of Prophylaxis for Early Adrenal Insufficiency Using Low-Dose Hydrocortisone in Very Preterm Infants: An Individual Patient Data Meta-Analysis","volume":"207","author":"Shaffer","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.21443","article-title":"Effect of Hydrocortisone Therapy Initiated 7 to 14 Days After Birth on Mortality or Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia Among Very Preterm Infants Receiving Mechanical Ventilation: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"321","author":"Onland","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.23680","article-title":"Intratracheal Administration of Budesonide-Surfactant in Prevention of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia in Very Low Birth Weight Infants: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"52","author":"Venkataraman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr. Pulmonol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shinwell, E.S., Portnov, I., Meerpohl, J.J., Karen, T., and Bassler, D. (2016). Inhaled Corticosteroids for Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia: A Meta-analysis. Pediatrics, 138.","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-2511"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1497","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1501917","article-title":"Early Inhaled Budesonide for the Prevention of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia","volume":"373","author":"Bassler","year":"2015","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1708831","article-title":"Long-Term Effects of Inhaled Budesonide for Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia","volume":"378","author":"Bassler","year":"2018","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1722","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.24452","article-title":"Long-term effects of the intratracheal administration of corticosteroids for the prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia: A meta-analysis","volume":"54","author":"Zheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr. Pulmonol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L600","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.2000.279.3.L600","article-title":"Inhibition of angiogenesis decreases alveolarization in the developing rat lung","volume":"279","author":"Jakkula","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201803-0428OC","article-title":"Early Pulmonary Vascular Disease in Preterm Infants Is Associated with Late Respiratory Outcomes in Childhood","volume":"199","author":"Mourani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L749","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00334.2002","article-title":"Pulmonary NO synthase expression is attenuated in a fetal baboon model of chronic lung disease","volume":"284","author":"Afshar","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-2725","article-title":"Inhaled nitric oxide in preterm infants: An individual-patient data meta-analysis of randomized trials","volume":"128","author":"Askie","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-3507","article-title":"NIH Consensus Development Conference statement: Inhaled nitric-oxide therapy for premature infants","volume":"127","author":"Cole","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e414","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-3428","article-title":"Inhaled nitric oxide in preterm infants: A systematic review","volume":"127","author":"Donohue","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_130","first-page":"1","article-title":"Inhaled nitric oxide in preterm infants","volume":"195","author":"Allen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Evid. Rep. Technol. Assess. (Full Rep.)"},{"key":"ref_131","first-page":"CD000509","article-title":"Inhaled nitric oxide for respiratory failure in preterm infants","volume":"1","author":"Barrington","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2017.2618","article-title":"Effect of Inhaled Nitric Oxide on Survival Without Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia in Preterm Infants: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"171","author":"Hasan","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2017.10.004","article-title":"Race Effects of Inhaled Nitric Oxide in Preterm Infants: An Individual Participant Data Meta-Analysis","volume":"193","author":"Askie","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(89)80755-3","article-title":"Increased compliance in response to salbutamol in premature infants with developing bronchopulmonary dysplasia","volume":"115","author":"Rotschild","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2001-14526","article-title":"A prospective controlled trial of albuterol aerosol delivered via metered dose inhaler-spacer device (MDI) versus jet nebulizer in ventilated preterm neonates","volume":"18","author":"Khalaf","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01690544","article-title":"Respiratory response to salbutamol (albuterol) in ventilator-dependent infants with chronic lung disease: Pressurized aerosol delivery versus intravenous injection","volume":"19","author":"Pfenninger","year":"1993","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_137","first-page":"CD003214","article-title":"Bronchodilators for the prevention and treatment of chronic lung disease in preterm infants","volume":"12","author":"Ng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_138","first-page":"569","article-title":"Reducing the incidence of chronic lung disease in very premature infants with aminophylline","volume":"5","author":"Armanian","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1007\/s004310050969","article-title":"Inhaled salbutamol and beclomethasone for preventing broncho-pulmonary dysplasia: A randomised double-blind study","volume":"157","author":"Denjean","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clouse, B.J., Jadcherla, S.R., and Slaughter, J.L. (2016). Systematic Review of Inhaled Bronchodilator and Corticosteroid Therapies in Infants with Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia: Implications and Future Directions. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0148188"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-020-0760-8","article-title":"Inhaled bronchodilator exposure in the management of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in hospitalized infants","volume":"41","author":"Euteneuer","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e305","DOI":"10.3928\/19382359-20200625-01","article-title":"Neonatal Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma Infections","volume":"49","author":"Chu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr. Ann."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(95)70130-3","article-title":"Association of Ureaplasma urealyticum colonization with chronic lung disease of prematurity: Results of a metaanalysis","volume":"127","author":"Wang","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1097\/01.inf.0000190632.31565.83","article-title":"Critical appraisal of the role of Ureaplasma in the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia with metaanalytic techniques","volume":"24","author":"Schelonka","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2018.08.042","article-title":"Airway Microbiome and Development of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia in Preterm Infants: A Systematic Review","volume":"204","author":"Pammi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2019.00068","article-title":"Perinatal Ureaplasma Exposure Is Associated With Increased Risk of Late Onset Sepsis and Imbalanced Inflammation in Preterm Infants and May Add to Lung Injury","volume":"9","author":"Glaser","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000000239","article-title":"Association between pulmonary ureaplasma colonization and bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants: Updated systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"33","author":"Lowe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clp.2015.08.003","article-title":"Role of Ureaplasma Respiratory Tract Colonization in Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia Pathogenesis: Current Concepts and Update","volume":"42","author":"Viscardi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mabanta, C.G., Pryhuber, G.S., Weinberg, G.A., and Phelps, D.L. (2003). Erythromycin for the prevention of chronic lung disease in intubated preterm infants at risk for, or colonized or infected with Ureaplasma urealyticum. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., CD003744.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003744"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1159\/000363493","article-title":"Azithromycin and other macrolides for prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"106","author":"Nair","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"key":"ref_151","first-page":"31","article-title":"Azithromycin for preventing bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"31","author":"Razak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr. Pulmonol."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e041528","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-041528","article-title":"Study protocol: Azithromycin therapy for chronic lung disease of prematurity (AZTEC)\u2014A randomised, placebo-controlled trial of azithromycin for the prevention of chronic lung disease of prematurity in preterm infants","volume":"10","author":"Lowe","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Piersigilli, F., Van Grambezen, B., Hocq, C., and Danhaive, O. (2020). Nutrients and Microbiota in Lung Diseases of Prematurity: The Placenta-Gut-Lung Triangle. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12020469"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2016.2132","article-title":"Association Between Antibiotic Use and Neonatal Mortality and Morbidities in Very Low-Birth-Weight Infants Without Culture-Proven Sepsis or Necrotizing Enterocolitis","volume":"170","author":"Ting","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F327","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2018-315412","article-title":"Challenges and opportunities for antibiotic stewardship among preterm infants","volume":"104","author":"Mukhopadhyay","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sung, S.I., Chang, Y.S., Kim, J., Choi, J.H., Ahn, S.Y., and Park, W.S. (2019). Natural evolution of ductus arteriosus with noninterventional conservative management in extremely preterm infants born at 23\u201328 weeks of gestation. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0212256"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hamrick, S.E.G., Sallmon, H., Rose, A.T., Porras, D., Shelton, E.L., Reese, J., and Hansmann, G. (2020). Patent Ductus Arteriosus of the Preterm Infant. Pediatrics, 146.","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2020-1209"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clp.2020.05.007","article-title":"Patent Ductus Arteriosus-Time for a Definitive Trial","volume":"47","author":"Mitra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605879","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2020.605879","article-title":"Related Factors of Patent Ductus Arteriosus in Preterm Infants: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hundscheid, T., Onland, W., van Overmeire, B., Dijk, P., van Kaam, A., Dijkman, K.P., Kooi, E.M.W., Villamor, E., Kroon, A.A., and Visser, R. (2018). Early treatment versus expectative management of patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants: A multicentre, randomised, non-inferiority trial in Europe (BeNeDuctus trial). BMC Pediatr., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-018-1215-7"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fowlie, P.W., Davis, P.G., and McGuire, W. (2010). Prophylactic intravenous indomethacin for preventing mortality and morbidity in preterm infants. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., CD000174.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000174.pub2"},{"key":"ref_162","first-page":"CD013133","article-title":"Indomethacin for symptomatic patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants","volume":"1","author":"Evans","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_163","first-page":"CD010061","article-title":"Paracetamol (acetaminophen) for patent ductus arteriosus in preterm or low birth weight infants","volume":"1","author":"Ohlsson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_164","first-page":"CD004213","article-title":"Ibuprofen for the prevention of patent ductus arteriosus in preterm and\/or low birth weight infants","volume":"1","author":"Ohlsson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_165","first-page":"CD003481","article-title":"Ibuprofen for the treatment of patent ductus arteriosus in preterm or low birth weight (or both) infants","volume":"2","author":"Ohlsson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.1896","article-title":"Association of Placebo, Indomethacin, Ibuprofen, and Acetaminophen With Closure of Hemodynamically Significant Patent Ductus Arteriosus in Preterm Infants: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"319","author":"Mitra","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.104418","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of pharmacological treatments for patent ductus arteriosus closure: A systematic review and network meta-analysis of clinical trials and observational studies","volume":"148","author":"Marconi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2017.05.024","article-title":"Changes in the Diagnosis and Management of Patent Ductus Arteriosus from 2006 to 2015 in United States Neonatal Intensive Care Units","volume":"189","author":"Bixler","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1024","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013-3431","article-title":"PDA ligation and health outcomes: A meta-analysis","volume":"133","author":"Weisz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2016.5143","article-title":"Association of Patent Ductus Arteriosus Ligation With Death or Neurodevelopmental Impairment Among Extremely Preterm Infants","volume":"171","author":"Weisz","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Backes, C.H., Rivera, B.K., Bridge, J.A., Armstrong, A.K., Boe, B.A., Berman, D.P., Fick, T., Holzer, R.J., Hijazi, Z.M., and Abadir, S. (2017). Percutaneous Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) Closure During Infancy: A Meta-analysis. Pediatrics, 139.","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-2927"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.1002\/ccd.28973","article-title":"Amplatzer Piccolo Occluder clinical trial for percutaneous closure of the patent ductus arteriosus in patients >\/=700 grams","volume":"96","author":"Sathanandam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Catheter. Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Semberova, J., Sirc, J., Miletin, J., Kucera, J., Berka, I., Sebkova, S., O\u2019Sullivan, S., Franklin, O., and Stranak, Z. (2017). Spontaneous Closure of Patent Ductus Arteriosus in Infants <\/=1500 g. Pediatrics, 140.","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-4258"},{"key":"ref_174","first-page":"CD013278","article-title":"Early treatment versus expectant management of hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus for preterm infants","volume":"12","author":"Mitra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605134","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2020.605134","article-title":"Conservative Non-intervention Approach for Hemodynamically Significant Patent Ductus Arteriosus in Extremely Preterm Infants","volume":"8","author":"Sung","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2016.12.008","article-title":"A conservative treatment of patent ductus arteriosus in very low birth weight infants","volume":"104","author":"Letshwiti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Early Hum. Dev."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0039-1697672","article-title":"Relationship between Duration of Infant Exposure to a Moderate-to-Large Patent Ductus Arteriosus Shunt and the Risk of Developing Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia or Death Before 36 Weeks","volume":"37","author":"Clyman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jp.7211895","article-title":"Fluid regimens in the first week of life may increase risk of patent ductus arteriosus in extremely low birth weight infants","volume":"28","author":"Stephens","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bell, E.F., and Acarregui, M.J. (2014). Restricted versus liberal water intake for preventing morbidity and mortality in preterm infants. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., CD000503.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000503.pub3"},{"key":"ref_180","first-page":"CD005389","article-title":"Fluid restriction for treatment of preterm infants with chronic lung disease","volume":"2","author":"Barrington","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2005.06.039","article-title":"Association between fluid intake and weight loss during the first ten days of life and risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in extremely low birth weight infants","volume":"147","author":"Oh","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.104.6.1345","article-title":"Risk factors for chronic lung disease in the surfactant era: A North Carolina population-based study of very low birth weight infants. North Carolina Neonatologists Association","volume":"104","author":"Marshall","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wemhoner, A., Ortner, D., Tschirch, E., Strasak, A., and Rudiger, M. (2011). Nutrition of preterm infants in relation to bronchopulmonary dysplasia. BMC Pulm. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2466-11-7"},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114520000240","article-title":"Early energy restriction in premature infants and bronchopulmonary dysplasia: A cohort study","volume":"123","author":"Uberos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.24592","article-title":"Respiratory medication use in extremely premature (<29 weeks) infants during initial NICU hospitalization: Results from the prematurity and respiratory outcomes program","volume":"55","author":"Greenberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr. Pulmonol."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bamat, N.A., Nelin, T.D., Eichenwald, E.C., Kirpalani, H., Laughon, M.M., Jackson, W.M., Jensen, E.A., Gibbs, K.A., and Lorch, S.A. (2020). Loop Diuretics in Severe Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia: Cumulative Use and Associations with Mortality and Age at Discharge. J. Pediatr.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2020.10.073"},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brion, L.P., Primhak, R.A., and Yong, W. (2006). Aerosolized diuretics for preterm infants with (or developing) chronic lung disease. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., CD001694.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD001694.pub2"},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stewart, A., and Brion, L.P. (2011). Intravenous or enteral loop diuretics for preterm infants with (or developing) chronic lung disease. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., CD001453.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD001453.pub2"},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stewart, A., Brion, L.P., and Ambrosio-Perez, I. (2011). Diuretics acting on the distal renal tubule for preterm infants with (or developing) chronic lung disease. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., CD001817.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD001817.pub2"},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2018.11.043","article-title":"Furosemide Exposure and Prevention of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia in Premature Infants","volume":"208","author":"Greenberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.3390\/ph6091094","article-title":"Clinical pharmacology of furosemide in neonates: A review","volume":"6","author":"Pacifici","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals (Basel)"},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1007\/s004310050605","article-title":"Total energy expenditure in infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia is associated with respiratory status","volume":"156","author":"Westerterp","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2019.02.005","article-title":"Postnatal nutritional deficit is an independent predictor of bronchopulmonary dysplasia among extremely premature infants born at or less than 28weeks gestation","volume":"131","author":"Malikiwi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Early Hum. Dev."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lai, N.M., Rajadurai, S.V., and Tan, K.H. (2006). Increased energy intake for preterm infants with (or developing) bronchopulmonary dysplasia\/chronic lung disease. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., CD005093.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD005093.pub2"},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Milanesi, B.G., Lima, P.A., Villela, L.D., Martins, A.S., Gomes-Junior, S.C.S., Moreira, M.E.L., and Meio, M. (2021). Assessment of early nutritional intake in preterm infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia: A cohort study. Eur. J. Pediatr.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-020-03912-0"},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2020.00349","article-title":"Prediction of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia in Preterm Infants Using Postnatal Risk Factors","volume":"8","author":"Ding","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moschino, L., Duci, M., Fascetti Leon, F., Bonadies, L., Priante, E., Baraldi, E., and Verlato, G. (2021). Optimizing Nutritional Strategies to Prevent Necrotizing Enterocolitis and Growth Failure after Bowel Resection. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13020340"},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Villamor-Martinez, E., Pierro, M., Cavallaro, G., Mosca, F., Kramer, B.W., and Villamor, E. (2018). Donor Human Milk Protects against Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201801.0107.v1"},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F128","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2017-314205","article-title":"Human milk as a protective factor for bronchopulmonary dysplasia: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"104","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2019.00224","article-title":"Mother\u2019s Own Milk and Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"7","author":"Pierro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2019.00076","article-title":"Fortification of Human Milk for Preterm Infants: Update and Recommendations of the European Milk Bank Association (EMBA) Working Group on Human Milk Fortification","volume":"7","author":"Arslanoglu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_202","first-page":"CD013465","article-title":"Individualized versus standard diet fortification for growth and development in preterm infants receiving human milk","volume":"11","author":"Fabrizio","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_203","first-page":"841","article-title":"Prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia: Current strategies","volume":"19","author":"Jain","year":"2017","journal-title":"Zhongguo Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi"},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(87)80086-0","article-title":"Clinical trial of vitamin A supplementation in infants susceptible to bronchopulmonary dysplasia","volume":"111","author":"Shenai","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e23101","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000023101","article-title":"Vitamin A supplementation prevents the bronchopulmonary dysplasia in premature infants: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"100","author":"Ding","year":"2021","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(84)80432-1","article-title":"Relationship of vitamin A (retinol) status to lung disease in the preterm infant","volume":"105","author":"Hustead","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Darlow, B.A., Graham, P.J., and Rojas-Reyes, M.X. (2016). Vitamin A supplementation to prevent mortality and short- and long-term morbidity in very low birth weight infants. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., CD000501.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000501.pub4"},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Araki, S., Kato, S., Namba, F., and Ota, E. (2018). Vitamin A to prevent bronchopulmonary dysplasia in extremely low birth weight infants: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0207730"},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2608","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2018.1441282","article-title":"Role of vitamin A supplementation in prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in extremely low birth weight neonates: A systematic review of randomized trials","volume":"32","author":"Garg","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2014.1353","article-title":"The effect of the national shortage of vitamin A on death or chronic lung disease in extremely low-birth-weight infants","volume":"168","author":"Tolia","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rakshasbhuvankar, A.A., Simmer, K., Patole, S.K., Stoecklin, B., Nathan, E.A., Clarke, M.W., and Pillow, J.J. (2021). Enteral Vitamin A for Reducing Severity of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia: A Randomized Trial. Pediatrics, 147.","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2020-009985"},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-019-03412-w","article-title":"Oral vitamin A supplementation in very low birth weight neonates: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"178","author":"Basu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1962","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199906243402505","article-title":"Vitamin A supplementation for extremely-low-birth-weight infants. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network","volume":"340","author":"Tyson","year":"1999","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000002543","article-title":"Early Vitamin a Supplementation Improves the Outcome of Retinopathy of Prematurity in Extremely Preterm Infants","volume":"40","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1007\/s10354-016-0500-z","article-title":"Up-date on the NeoVitaA Trial: Obstacles, challenges, perspectives, and local experiences","volume":"167","author":"Meyer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Wien. Med. Wochenschr."},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A494","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2014-307384.1371","article-title":"PO-0731\u2005The Effects of Early Oral Vitamin a Treatment on the Prevention of Bronchopulmonary Displasia in the Low Birth Weight Infants","volume":"99","author":"Calisici","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2012.745499","article-title":"Vitamin A to prevent bronchopulmonary dysplasia: The NeoVitaA trial","volume":"26","author":"Meyer","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, V.H.S. (2017). Diagnostic Approach to Pulmonary Hypertension in Premature Neonates. Children (Basel), 4.","DOI":"10.3390\/children4090075"},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1111\/ppe.12444","article-title":"Identification of gaps in the current knowledge on pulmonary hypertension in extremely preterm infants: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"32","author":"Arjaans","year":"2018","journal-title":"Paediatr. Perinat. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1038\/jp.2016.250","article-title":"Bronchopulmonary dysplasia and pulmonary hypertension: A meta-analysis","volume":"37","author":"Shah","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2018.07.035","article-title":"The Impact of Pulmonary Hypertension in Preterm Infants with Severe Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia through 1 Year","volume":"203","author":"Lagatta","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2019-318531","article-title":"Fate of pulmonary hypertension associated with bronchopulmonary dysplasia beyond 36 weeks postmenstrual age","volume":"106","author":"Arjaans","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed."},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-018-0303-8","article-title":"Death or resolution: The \u201cnatural history\u201d of pulmonary hypertension in bronchopulmonary dysplasia","volume":"39","author":"Altit","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201409-1594OC","article-title":"Early pulmonary vascular disease in preterm infants at risk for bronchopulmonary dysplasia","volume":"191","author":"Mourani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ii49","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2015-308591","article-title":"Pulmonary hypertension associated with acute or chronic lung diseases in the preterm and term neonate and infant. The European Paediatric Pulmonary Vascular Disease Network, endorsed by ISHLT and DGPK","volume":"102","author":"Hilgendorff","year":"2016","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healun.2019.06.022","article-title":"2019 updated consensus statement on the diagnosis and treatment of pediatric pulmonary hypertension: The European Pediatric Pulmonary Vascular Disease Network (EPPVDN), endorsed by AEPC, ESPR and ISHLT","volume":"38","author":"Hansmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Heart Lung Transplant."},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baczynski, M., Kelly, E., McNamara, P.J., Shah, P.S., and Jain, A. (2020). Short and long-term outcomes of chronic pulmonary hypertension in preterm infants managed using a standardized algorithm. Pediatr. Pulmonol.","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.25200"},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.24193","article-title":"Target oxygen saturation and development of pulmonary hypertension and increased pulmonary vascular resistance in preterm infants","volume":"54","author":"Laliberte","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr. Pulmonol."},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101070","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2019.101070","article-title":"Oxygen therapy in preterm infants with pulmonary hypertension","volume":"25","author":"Chandrasekharan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Semin. Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1007\/s00246-015-1279-1","article-title":"Pulmonary Hypertension in the Preterm Infant with Chronic Lung Disease can be Caused by Pulmonary Vein Stenosis: A Must-Know Entity","volume":"37","author":"Laux","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van der Graaf, M., Rojer, L.A., Helbing, W., Reiss, I., Etnel, J.R.G., and Bartelds, B. (2019). EXPRESS: Sildenafil for bronchopulmonary dysplasia and pulmonary hypertension: A meta-analysis. Pulm. Circ., 2045894019837875.","DOI":"10.1177\/2045894019837875"},{"key":"ref_232","unstructured":"FDA (2012). Drug Safety Communication: FDA Recommends against Use of Revatio (Sildenafil) in Children With pulmonary Hypertension, FDA."},{"key":"ref_233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Unegbu, C., Noje, C., Coulson, J.D., Segal, J.B., and Romer, L. (2017). Pulmonary Hypertension Therapy and a Systematic Review of Efficacy and Safety of PDE-5 Inhibitors. Pediatrics, 139.","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-1450"},{"key":"ref_234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-019-0425-5","article-title":"Stem cell therapy for preventing neonatal diseases in the 21st century: Current understanding and challenges","volume":"87","author":"Nitkin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1002\/sctm.19-0193","article-title":"Are all stem cells equal? Systematic review, evidence map, and meta-analyses of preclinical stem cell-based therapies for bronchopulmonary dysplasia","volume":"9","author":"Augustine","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stem. Cells Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1111\/ped.14001","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cells for the prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia","volume":"61","author":"Namba","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr. Int."},{"key":"ref_237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2079","DOI":"10.1002\/sctm.17-0126","article-title":"Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Therapy in Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Preclinical Studies","volume":"6","author":"Augustine","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stem. Cells Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-020-02028-4","article-title":"Paracrine stimulation of perinatal lung functional and structural maturation by mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"11","author":"Obendorf","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stem. Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2013.12.011","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cells for bronchopulmonary dysplasia: Phase 1 dose-escalation clinical trial","volume":"164","author":"Chang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2017.02.061","article-title":"Two-Year Follow-Up Outcomes of Premature Infants Enrolled in the Phase I Trial of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Transplantation for Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia","volume":"185","author":"Ahn","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F323","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2012-302649","article-title":"Incidence of hypo- and hyper-capnia in a cross-sectional European cohort of ventilated newborn infants","volume":"98","author":"Rimensberger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed."},{"key":"ref_242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2018.06.951","article-title":"ESPGHAN\/ESPEN\/ESPR\/CSPEN guidelines on pediatric parenteral nutrition: Vitamins","volume":"37","author":"Bronsky","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e3181adaee0","article-title":"Enteral nutrient supply for preterm infants: Commentary from the European Society of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Committee on Nutrition","volume":"50","author":"Agostoni","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."}],"container-title":["Children"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/8\/4\/298\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:47:37Z","timestamp":1760161657000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/8\/4\/298"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,13]]},"references-count":243,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]}},"alternative-id":["children8040298"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/children8040298","relation":{},"ISSN":["2227-9067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2227-9067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,13]]}}}