{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T01:28:36Z","timestamp":1792114116608,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,22]],"date-time":"2021-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619049600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Risperidone and aripiprazole are approved by the USA Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of irritability and aggression in children from the ages of 5 and 6 years, respectively. However, there are no approved medications for the treatment of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) core signs and symptoms. Nevertheless, early intervention is recognized as key to improving long-term outcomes. This retrospective case study included 10 children (mean age, 2 years 10 months) with ASD who presented with persistent irritability and aggression before 4 years of age that was unresponsive to behavioral interventions and sufficiently severe to consider pharmacological intervention with risperidone or aripiprazole combined with standard supportive therapies. Besides ameliorating comorbid behaviors, improvement was observed in ASD core signs and symptoms for all patients, with minimal-to-no symptoms observed in 60% of patients according to the Childhood Autism Rating Scale 2-Standard Test and Clinical Global Impression scales. Excessive weight gain in two patients was the only adverse effect observed that required intervention. This is the first study to suggest that ASD can potentially be treated in very young children (&lt;4 years). Clinical trials are urgently required to validate these findings among this pediatric population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children8050318","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,22]],"date-time":"2021-04-22T04:20:17Z","timestamp":1619065217000},"page":"318","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Risperidone or Aripiprazole Can Resolve Autism Core Signs and Symptoms in Young Children: Case Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3646-7599","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hamza A.","family":"Alsayouf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Kids Neuro Clinic and Rehab Center, Dubai Healthcare City, Al Razi Medical Complex, Dubai 1015, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haitham","family":"Talo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kids Neuro Clinic and Rehab Center, Dubai Healthcare City, Al Razi Medical Complex, Dubai 1015, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marisa L.","family":"Biddappa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kids Neuro Clinic and Rehab Center, Dubai Healthcare City, Al Razi Medical Complex, Dubai 1015, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"De Los Reyes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Neurology, Nationwide Children\u2019s Hospital, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (2013). 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