{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T06:56:20Z","timestamp":1785826580923,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,28]],"date-time":"2021-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622160000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A euthyroid pregnant woman will normally have a fetus that displays normal fetal development. However, studies have long demonstrated the role of T3 (Triiodothyronine), T4 (Thyroxine), and TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone) and their degree of penetrability into the fetal circulation. Maternal thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) crosses the placental site and, from mid-gestation onward, is able to promote fetal TSH secretion. Its origin is not only hypothalamic, as was believed until recently. The maternal pancreas, and other extraneural and extrahypothalamic organs, can produce TRH variants, which are transported through the placenta affecting, to a degree, fetal thyroid function. Antithyroid drugs (ATDs) also cross the placenta and, because of their therapeutic actions, can affect fetal thyroid development, leading in some cases to adverse outcomes. Furthermore, there are a number of TRH analogues that share the same properties as the endogenous hormone. Thus, in this narrative review, we highlight the interaction of all the above with fetal growth in uncomplicated pregnancies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children8060454","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,28]],"date-time":"2021-05-28T11:33:20Z","timestamp":1622201600000},"page":"454","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The Effect of Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone and Antithyroid Drugs on Fetal Thyroid Function"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9067-5308","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Vrachnis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Third Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Attikon Hospital, 157 72 Athens, Greece"},{"name":"Vascular Biology, Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George\u2019s University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0404-994X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Orestis","family":"Tsonis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Ioannina Medical School, University Hospital of Ioannina, 455 00 Ioannina, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dionisios","family":"Vrachnis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Alexandra Hospital, 157 72 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Antonakopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Third Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Attikon Hospital, 157 72 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4300-7061","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George","family":"Paltoglou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology Unit, 2nd Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Aretaieio Hospital, 157 72 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stavroula","family":"Barbounaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Merchant Marine Academy of Aspropyrgos, 193 00 Aspropyrgos, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Mastorakos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology Unit, 2nd Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Aretaieio Hospital, 157 72 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minas","family":"Paschopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Ioannina Medical School, University Hospital of Ioannina, 455 00 Ioannina, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zoi","family":"Iliodromiti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Aretaieio Hospital, 157 72 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199410203311608","article-title":"Maternal and Fetal Thyroid Function","volume":"331","author":"Epstein","year":"1994","journal-title":"N. 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