{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T02:22:05Z","timestamp":1790130125976,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,10]],"date-time":"2021-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623283200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Primary nephrotic syndrome (PNS) is common in children, affecting the soft and hard tissues of the oral cavity. This study aimed to investigate the percentage of dental caries, gingivitis, hypertrophic gingivitis, and developmental defects of enamel (DDE) in children with PNS. The association of PNS with these diseases and oral care behavior was also assessed. A total of 407 children with PNS and 407 age- and gender-matched controls were recruited. PNS was diagnosed based on blood and urinary tests. The Simplified Oral Hygiene Index (OHI-S), the Gingival Index (GI), the Gingival Overgrowth Index (GOI), the Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth Index (dmft\/DMFT), and DDE were collected. The PNS patients showed significantly higher scores of OHI-S, GI, and dmft, and higher proportions of dental caries and DDE than those of the controls (p &lt; 0.001). It is necessary to establish a periodic dental protocol for PNS patients to improve their oral health status.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children8060494","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,10]],"date-time":"2021-06-10T13:31:39Z","timestamp":1623331899000},"page":"494","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Oro-Dental Health and Primary Nephrotic Syndrome among Vietnamese Children"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Hang Minh","family":"Luong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Odonto-Stomatology, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7925-211X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tra Thu","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Odonto-Stomatology, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam"},{"name":"Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Aichi 466-8560, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huy-Thinh","family":"Tran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Odonto-Stomatology, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phung Thi","family":"Tran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Odonto-Stomatology, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam"},{"name":"Health Economics, Hanoi University of Public Health, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phuong-Nga","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Odonto-Stomatology, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huong Thu","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology and Dialysis Department, National Children\u2019s Hospital, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8103-0484","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Duc Minh","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Odonto-Stomatology, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam"},{"name":"Division of Research and Treatment for Oral Maxillofacial Congenital Anomalies, Aichi Gakuin University, Aichi 464-8651, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanh Tran Thi","family":"Duc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Hanoi University of Public Health, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Son Minh","family":"Tong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Odonto-Stomatology, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199804233381707","article-title":"The nephrotic syndrome","volume":"338","author":"Orth","year":"1998","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)14184-0","article-title":"Nephrotic syndrome in childhood","volume":"362","author":"Eddy","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2016.00039","article-title":"Ethnic differences in childhood nephrotic syndrome","volume":"4","author":"Chanchlani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0714.1997.tb00219.x","article-title":"Oral lesions in organ transplant patients","volume":"26","author":"Seymour","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Oral Pathol. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2433","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfh766","article-title":"Long-term effects of cyclosporine in children with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome: A single-centre experience","volume":"20","author":"Mahmoud","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-263X.2005.00676.x","article-title":"Cyclosporin-induced gingival overgrowth in children","volume":"15","author":"Wright","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Paediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"S185","article-title":"Oral Health Status in Pediatric Patients with Renal Disease at Srinagarind Hospital, Khon Kaen University, Thailand","volume":"98","author":"Weraarchakul","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Med. Assoc. Thai."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.17796\/jcpd.37.1.7l913347q0232v01","article-title":"Oral health status in children with renal disorders","volume":"37","author":"Subramaniam","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pediatric Dent."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-4220(88)90164-8","article-title":"Cyclosporine-induced gingival overgrowth: An ultrastructural stereologic study","volume":"65","author":"McGaw","year":"1988","journal-title":"Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaczmarek, U., Wrzyszcz-Kowalczyk, A., Jankowska, K., Pro\u015bciak, K., Mysiak-D\u0119bska, M., Przywitowska, I., and Makulska, I. (2020). Oral health conditions in children with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome: A cross-sectional study. BMC Oral Health, 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-020-01197-1"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"183","article-title":"Oral aspects in children with nephrotic syndrome","volume":"24","author":"Yilmaz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Turk. Klin. Dishekim. Bilimleri Derg."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"19","article-title":"Assessment of oral health status in children suffering from nephrotic syndrome","volume":"2","author":"Babu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Sci. Study"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"827670","article-title":"Oral care of hospitalised older patients in the acute medical setting","volume":"2013","author":"Salamone","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nurs. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"001","article-title":"Dental Caries Status and Relevant Factors in Children with Primary Nephrotic Syndrome in National Children Hospital, Vietnam","volume":"4","author":"Son","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Craniofac. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"PMC7391815","article-title":"The incidence and intensity of dental caries in children with nephritic syndrome","volume":"20","author":"Poplawski","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nowa Stomatol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-007-0718-5","article-title":"Oral and salivary flow characteristics of a group of Brazilian children and adolescents with chronic renal failure","volume":"23","author":"Martins","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatric Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Dem, P.V., Huong, N.T., Lien, N.T.T., Kien, N.T., Nam, T.T., and Huonh, N.T.Q. (2018). Outcomes of Cyclosporine A Treatment in Children with Steroid Resistant Nephrotic Syndrome at Vietnam National Children\u2019s Hospital. VNU J. Sci. Med Pharm. Sci., 34, (In Vietnamese)."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"415","article-title":"Kidney disease: Improving global outcomes","volume":"28","author":"Lombel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Treat. Steroid Sensitive Nephrotic Syndr. New Guidel. KDIGO. PediatrNephrol"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Kliegman, R.M., and St. Geme, J. (2019). Nephrotic Syndrome. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics, Elsevier. [21st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.1964.0034","article-title":"The Simplified Oral Hygiene Index","volume":"68","author":"Jc","year":"1964","journal-title":"J. Am. Dent. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.3109\/00016356309011240","article-title":"Periodontal disease in pregnancy I. Prevalence and severity","volume":"21","author":"Silness","year":"1963","journal-title":"Acta Odontol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0765.2012.01495.x","article-title":"Reliability of two measurement indices for gingival enlargement","volume":"47","author":"Miranda","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Periodontal Res."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Petersen, P.E., Baez, R.J., and World Health Organization (2013). Oral Health Surveys: Basic Methods, WHO."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ismail, A.I., Pitts, N.B., and Tellez, M. (2015). The International Caries Classification and Management System (ICCMS\u2122) an example of a caries management pathway. BMC Oral Health, 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6831-15-S1-S9"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"411","article-title":"A review of the developmental defects of enamel index (DDE Index): Commission on Oral Health, Research & Epidemiology","volume":"42","author":"Group","year":"1992","journal-title":"Int. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-017-2256-2","article-title":"Dental prevention and disease awareness in children with congenital heart disease","volume":"22","author":"Koerdt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"117","article-title":"Pattern and outcome of renal diseases in hospitalized children in Tikur anbessa specialized teaching hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia","volume":"54","author":"Mola","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ethiop. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"52","article-title":"Pattern and outcome of renal diseases in hospitalized children in Khartoum State, Sudan","volume":"12","author":"Ali","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sudan. J. Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(81)80760-3","article-title":"The primary nephrotic syndrome in children. Identification of patients with minimal change nephrotic syndrome from initial response to prednisone. A report of the international study of kidney disease in children","volume":"98","author":"Barnett","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-003-1154-9","article-title":"Histopathological spectrum of childhood nephrotic syndrome in Indian children","volume":"18","author":"Kumar","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatric Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(14)70780-7","article-title":"Global antibiotic consumption 2000 to 2010: An analysis of national pharmaceutical sales data","volume":"14","author":"Gandra","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(05)70189-4","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance in developing countries. Part I: Recent trends and current status","volume":"5","author":"Okeke","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olczak-Kowalczyk, D., Pyr\u017cak, B., D\u0105bkowska, M., Pa\u0144czyk-Tomaszewska, M., Miszkurka, G., Rogozi\u0144ska, I., Swoboda-Kope\u0107, E., Gozdowski, D., Kali\u0144ska, A., and Pir\u00f3g, A. (2015). Candida spp. and gingivitis in children with nephrotic syndrome or type 1 diabetes. BMC Oral Health, 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-015-0042-6"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1973","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-015-1441-4","article-title":"Role of saliva in the caries experience and calculus formation of young patients undergoing hemodialysis","volume":"19","author":"Andrade","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2439","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfp101","article-title":"The correlation between dental calculus and disturbed mineral metabolism in paediatric patients with chronic kidney disease","volume":"24","author":"Davidovich","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transpl."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-4388.31981","article-title":"The dental and oral status of children with chronic renal failure","volume":"25","author":"Nakhjavani","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Indian Soc. Pedod. Prev. Dent."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/idj.12074","article-title":"The primary and mixed dentition, post-eruptive enamel maturation and dental caries: A review","volume":"63","author":"Lynch","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1007\/s004670050061","article-title":"Oral health in children with renal disease","volume":"14","author":"Nunn","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pediatric Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"517","article-title":"Changes in dental development in paediatric patients with chronic kidney disease","volume":"18","author":"Bublitz","year":"1981","journal-title":"Proc. Eur. Transpl. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1007\/s004670050566","article-title":"Enamel hypoplasia of primary teeth in chronic renal failure","volume":"13","author":"Koch","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pediatric Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"33","article-title":"Common dental conditions associated with dental erosion in schoolchildren in Australia","volume":"29","author":"Kazoullis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatric Dent."}],"container-title":["Children"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/8\/6\/494\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:12:48Z","timestamp":1760163168000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/8\/6\/494"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,10]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["children8060494"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/children8060494","relation":{},"ISSN":["2227-9067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2227-9067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,10]]}}}