{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T18:09:30Z","timestamp":1770833370429,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,27]],"date-time":"2021-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627344000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We studied acute and chronic pain in pediatric patients who underwent thoracotomy for benign disease with a follow-up of at least three months. A telephone interview investigated about the presence of pain and the analgesic therapy in progress. The results were compared with the anesthetic technique, postoperative pain and the adequacy of pain therapy, both during the first week after surgery and at the time of interview. Fifty-six families consented to the study. The mean age of the children at surgery was 2.9 \u00b1 4.5 years, while at the time of the interview was 6.5 \u00b1 4.4 years. We performed different anesthetic strategies: Group A: general anesthesia (36 pts); Group B: general anesthesia and thoracic epidural (10 pts); Group C: general anesthesia and intercostal nerve block (10 pts). During the immediate postoperative period, 21 patients (37.5%) had at least one painful episode. At the time of interview, 3 children (5.3%) had moderate chronic neuropathic (burning) pain on surgical scar. There was no statistically significant difference between the type of anesthesia and the incidence and severity of acute post-operative pain. Despite its limitations, this study confirms the low incidence of chronic post-thoracotomy pain syndrome in children.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children8080642","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,27]],"date-time":"2021-07-27T12:18:31Z","timestamp":1627388311000},"page":"642","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Incidence of Acute and Chronic Post-Thoracotomy Pain in Pediatric Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6100-1371","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuliano","family":"Marchetti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, ARCO Roma, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Ges\u00f9, IRCCS, Piazza S. Onofrio 4, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2377-3765","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Vittori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, ARCO Roma, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Ges\u00f9, IRCCS, Piazza S. Onofrio 4, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fabio","family":"Ferrari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, ARCO Roma, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Ges\u00f9, IRCCS, Piazza S. Onofrio 4, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1732-2391","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisa","family":"Francia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, ARCO Roma, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Ges\u00f9, IRCCS, Piazza S. Onofrio 4, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ilaria","family":"Mascilini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, ARCO Roma, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Ges\u00f9, IRCCS, Piazza S. Onofrio 4, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emiliano","family":"Petrucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Unit, San Salvatore Academic Hospital of L\u2019Aquila, Via Vetoio, 48, 67100 L\u2019Aquila, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simone","family":"Piga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Clinical Epidemiology, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Ges\u00f9, IRCCS, Piazza S. Onofrio 4, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Valerio","family":"Pardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Surgical Department, General and Thoracic Unit, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Ges\u00f9, IRCCS, Piazza S. Onofrio 4, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5236-3132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Cascella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCCS, Fondazione Pascale, Via Mariano Semmola, 53, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giorgia","family":"Contini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Surgical Department, General and Thoracic Unit, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Ges\u00f9, IRCCS, Piazza S. Onofrio 4, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4931-7717","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Franco","family":"Marinangeli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Treatment, University of L\u2019Aquila, Piazzale Salvatore Tommasi, 1, 67100 Coppito, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5663-8674","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Inserra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Surgical Department, General and Thoracic Unit, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Ges\u00f9, IRCCS, Piazza S. Onofrio 4, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sergio Giuseppe","family":"Picardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, ARCO Roma, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Ges\u00f9, IRCCS, Piazza S. Onofrio 4, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-6576.2003.00056.x","article-title":"Post-Thoracotomy Pain after Thoracic Epidural Analgesia: A Prospective Follow-up Study","volume":"47","author":"Tiippana","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2014.06.005","article-title":"Incidence and Severity of Chronic Pain at 3 and 6 Months after Thoracotomy: Meta-Analysis","volume":"15","author":"Bayman","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pain"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1053\/eujp.2001.0225","article-title":"The Morbidity, Time Course and Predictive Factors for Persistent Post-Thoracotomy Pain","volume":"5","author":"Gotoda","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pain"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1177\/104990910201900203","article-title":"Post-Thoracotomy Pain Syndrome: An Opportunity for Palliative Care","volume":"19","author":"Baumrucker","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Hosp. Palliat. 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Child Health"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2010.09.004","article-title":"A Prospective Study of Neuropathic Pain Induced by Thoracotomy: Incidence, Clinical Description, and Diagnosis","volume":"152","author":"Guastella","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2004.08.012","article-title":"Pain Prevalence in Hospitalized Patients in a German University Teaching Hospital","volume":"29","author":"Strohbuecker","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Pain Symptom Manag."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(17)30116-9","article-title":"Incidence of Severe Critical Events in Paediatric Anaesthesia (APRICOT): A Prospective Multicentre Observational Study in 261 Hospitals in Europe","volume":"5","author":"Habre","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. 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