{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T22:41:18Z","timestamp":1780440078075,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":115,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,27]],"date-time":"2021-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627344000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/R013926\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/R013926\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012041","name":"Versus Arthritis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22084"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22084"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012041","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012041","name":"Versus Arthritis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20621"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20621"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012041","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001279","name":"Great Ormond Street Hospital Charity","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["VS0518"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VS0518"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001279","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is the most common childhood rheumatic disease. The development of associated uveitis represents a significant risk for serious complications, including permanent loss of vision. Initiation of early treatment is important for controlling JIA-uveitis, but the disease can appear asymptomatically, making frequent screening procedures necessary for patients at risk. As our understanding of pathogenic drivers is currently incomplete, it is difficult to assess which JIA patients are at risk of developing uveitis. Identification of specific risk factors for JIA-associated uveitis is an important field of research, and in this review, we highlight the genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic factors identified as potential uveitis risk factors in JIA, and discuss therapeutic strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children8080646","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,27]],"date-time":"2021-07-27T12:18:31Z","timestamp":1627388311000},"page":"646","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis Associated Uveitis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Emil","family":"Carlsson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Health, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L14 5AB, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael W.","family":"Beresford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Health, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L14 5AB, UK"},{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, Alder Hey Children\u2019s NHS Foundation Trust Hospital, Liverpool L14 5AB, UK"},{"name":"National Institute for Health Research Alder Hey Clinical Research Facility, Alder Hey Children\u2019s NHS Foundation Trust Hospital, Liverpool L14 5AB, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Athimalaipet V.","family":"Ramanan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bristol Royal Hospital for Children & Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS2 8DZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew D.","family":"Dick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS2 8DZ, UK"},{"name":"UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V 9EL, UK"},{"name":"NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London EC1V 2PD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1295-6179","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian M.","family":"Hedrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Health, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L14 5AB, UK"},{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, Alder Hey Children\u2019s NHS Foundation Trust Hospital, Liverpool L14 5AB, UK"},{"name":"National Institute for Health Research Alder Hey Clinical Research Facility, Alder Hey Children\u2019s NHS Foundation Trust Hospital, Liverpool L14 5AB, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2138","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60244-4","article-title":"Juvenile idiopathic arthritis","volume":"377","author":"Prakken","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-005-0087-3","article-title":"Incidence and outcomes of uveitis in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, a synthesis of the literature","volume":"244","author":"Carvounis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60363-8","article-title":"Juvenile idiopathic arthritis","volume":"369","author":"Ravelli","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1002\/art.20945","article-title":"Patients with antinuclear antibody-positive juvenile idiopathic arthritis constitute a homogeneous subgroup irrespective of the course of joint disease","volume":"52","author":"Ravelli","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2088","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.130302","article-title":"Risk markers of juvenile idiopathic arthritis-associated uveitis in the Childhood Arthritis and Rheumatology Research Alliance (CARRA) Registry","volume":"40","author":"Pelajo","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-019-1994-8","article-title":"Outcome in juvenile idiopathic arthritis: A population-based study from Sweden","volume":"21","author":"Berthold","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-019-01184-8","article-title":"Juvenile idiopathic arthritis-associated uveitis: A retrospective analysis from a centre of South Italy","volume":"40","author":"Castagna","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.5455\/medarh.2017.71.52-55","article-title":"Uveitis Associated with Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis, our Observations","volume":"71","author":"Cosickic","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med. Arch."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-020-02166-3","article-title":"Similarities in clinical course and outcome between juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA)-associated and ANA-positive idiopathic anterior uveitis: Data from a population-based nationwide study in Germany","volume":"22","author":"Heiligenhaus","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1186\/s12969-017-0195-8","article-title":"Incidence and predictors of Uveitis in juvenile idiopathic arthritis in a Nordic long-term cohort study","volume":"15","author":"Nordal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr. Rheumatol. Online J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.13388","article-title":"Assessment of the outcome of ophthalmological screening for uveitis in a cohort of Swedish children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis","volume":"95","author":"Papadopoulou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2008.03.007","article-title":"Course, complications, and outcome of juvenile arthritis-related uveitis","volume":"12","author":"Sabri","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. AAPOS"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"936","article-title":"Temporal change in prevalence and complications of uveitis associated with juvenile idiopathic arthritis:data from a cross-sectional analysis of a prospective nationwide study","volume":"33","author":"Tappeiner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.1002\/art.40544","article-title":"Risk Factors and Biomarkers for the Occurrence of Uveitis in Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis: Data From the Inception Cohort of Newly Diagnosed Patients With Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis Study","volume":"70","author":"Tappeiner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(19)30027-6","article-title":"Phenotypic variability and disparities in treatment and outcomes of childhood arthritis throughout the world: An observational cohort study","volume":"3","author":"Consolaro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Child. Adolesc. Health"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s12969-019-0318-5","article-title":"Clinical features and characteristics of uveitis associated with juvenile idiopathic arthritis in Japan: First report of the pediatric rheumatology association of Japan (PRAJ)","volume":"17","author":"Yasumura","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr. Rheumatol. Online J."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kep352","article-title":"Disease activity and disability in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis one year following presentation to paediatric rheumatology. Results from the Childhood Arthritis Prospective Study","volume":"49","author":"Hyrich","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.20044","article-title":"Early outcomes and improvement of patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis enrolled in a Canadian multicenter inception cohort","volume":"62","author":"Oen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1974","DOI":"10.1002\/art.22709","article-title":"Epidemiology of juvenile idiopathic arthritis in a multiethnic cohort: Ethnicity as a risk factor","volume":"56","author":"Saurenmann","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.191085","article-title":"Enthesitis-related Arthritis: Prevalence and Complications of Associated Uveitis in Children and Adolescents From a Population-based Nationwide Study in Germany","volume":"48","author":"Walscheid","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2014.03.002","article-title":"Pathogenesis of juvenile idiopathic arthritis associated uveitis: The known and unknown","volume":"59","author":"Makhotkina","year":"2014","journal-title":"Surv. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"92","article-title":"Uveitis in juvenile idiopathic arthritis","volume":"112","author":"Heiligenhaus","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dtsch. Arztebl. Int."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-4182(04)80026-7","article-title":"Juvenile arthritis-associated uveitis: Visual outcomes and prognosis","volume":"39","author":"Chen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Can. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780290615","article-title":"The relationship between ocular and articular disease activity in children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and associated uveitis","volume":"29","author":"Rosenberg","year":"1986","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kem053","article-title":"Prevalence and complications of uveitis in juvenile idiopathic arthritis in a population-based nation-wide study in Germany: Suggested modification of the current screening guidelines","volume":"46","author":"Heiligenhaus","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2071","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(01)00773-4","article-title":"Occurrence of uveitis in recently diagnosed juvenile chronic arthritis: A prospective study","volume":"108","author":"Kotaniemi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.86.1.51","article-title":"An evaluation of baseline risk factors predicting severity in juvenile idiopathic arthritis associated uveitis and other chronic anterior uveitis in early childhood","volume":"86","author":"Edelsten","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"1403","article-title":"Chronic uveitis in children with and without juvenile idiopathic arthritis: Differences in patient characteristics and clinical course","volume":"35","author":"Heinz","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"703","article-title":"Risk factors and longterm outcome of juvenile idiopathic arthritis-associated uveitis in Switzerland","volume":"35","author":"Bolt","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.3928\/0191-3913-19980101-13","article-title":"Screening for uveitis in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"35","author":"Boone","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Ophthalmol. Strabismus"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"111","article-title":"The distribution of juvenile idiopathic arthritis in the eastern Mediterranean: Results from the registry of the Turkish Paediatric Rheumatology Association","volume":"29","author":"Demirkaya","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.73.3.225","article-title":"Screening for uveitis in juvenile chronic arthritis","volume":"73","author":"Kanski","year":"1989","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1080\/09273940600977233","article-title":"Extended oligoarthritis and other risk factors for developing JIA-associated uveitis under ILAR classification and its implication for current screening guideline","volume":"14","author":"Sim","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ocul. Immunol. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.3928\/0191-3913-19930701-06","article-title":"Serum antiocular antibodies in patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"30","author":"Bloom","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Ophthalmol. Strabismus"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1793","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01793","article-title":"Identification of Ocular Autoantigens Associated With Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis-Associated Uveitis","volume":"10","author":"Busch","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"1074","article-title":"Antibodies to iris and retina detected in sera from patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis with iridocyclitis by indirect immunofluorescence studies on human eye tissue","volume":"16","author":"Uchiyama","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3447","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-13444","article-title":"Correlation between disease severity and presence of ocular autoantibodies in juvenile idiopathic arthritis-associated uveitis","volume":"55","author":"Walscheid","year":"2014","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2018.1467464","article-title":"Increased Circulating Proinflammatory T Lymphocytes in Children with Different Forms of Anterior Uveitis: Results from a Pilot Study","volume":"27","author":"Walscheid","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ocul. Immunol. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"1872","article-title":"Understanding autoimmune uveitis through animal models. The Friedenwald Lecture","volume":"52","author":"Caspi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.3109\/08830185.2012.747524","article-title":"Uveitis in mouse and man","volume":"32","author":"Forrester","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kasper, M., Walscheid, K., Laffer, B., Bauer, D., Busch, M., Loser, K., Vogl, T., Langmann, T., Ganser, G., and Rath, T. (2020). Phenotype of Innate Immune Cells in Uveitis Associated with Axial Spondyloarthritis- and Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis-associated Uveitis. Ocul. Immunol. Inflamm., 1\u201310.","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2020.1715449"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-018-0056-5","article-title":"The chemokine receptor CCR7 is a promising target for rheumatoid arthritis therapy","volume":"16","author":"Moschovakis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2019.03.004","article-title":"Transcriptomic and proteomic analysis of iris tissue and aqueous humor in juvenile idiopathic arthritis-associated uveitis","volume":"100","author":"Wildschutz","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Autoimmun."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-018-0058-9","article-title":"S100 proteins in rheumatic diseases","volume":"14","author":"Austermann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2012.11.008","article-title":"Phagocyte-derived S100 proteins in autoinflammation: Putative role in pathogenesis and usefulness as biomarkers","volume":"147","author":"Kessel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7653","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.15-17066","article-title":"Elevated S100A8\/A9 and S100A12 Serum Levels Reflect Intraocular Inflammation in Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis-Associated Uveitis: Results From a Pilot Study","volume":"56","author":"Walscheid","year":"2015","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.1008647","article-title":"The endogenous Toll-like receptor 4 agonist S100A8\/S100A9 (calprotectin) as innate amplifier of infection, autoimmunity, and cancer","volume":"86","author":"Ehrchen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0306170","article-title":"S100 proteins expressed in phagocytes: A novel group of damage-associated molecular pattern molecules","volume":"81","author":"Foell","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s12348-021-00247-1","article-title":"Environmental risk factors associated with juvenile idiopathic arthritis associated uveitis: A systematic review of the literature","volume":"11","author":"Clarke","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ophthalmic. Inflamm. Infect."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00014.2015","article-title":"Vitamin D: Metabolism, Molecular Mechanism of Action, and Pleiotropic Effects","volume":"96","author":"Christakos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-012-2159-1","article-title":"What do we know about juvenile idiopathic arthritis and vitamin D? A systematic literature review and meta-analysis of current evidence","volume":"32","author":"Nisar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-018-1765-y","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency is associated with higher disease activity and the risk for uveitis in juvenile idiopathic arthritis-data from a German inception cohort","volume":"20","author":"Sengler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2011.105","article-title":"Vitamin D: The light side of sunshine","volume":"65","author":"Mason","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"108","article-title":"Sibling pairs affected by chronic arthritis of childhood: Evidence for a genetic predisposition","volume":"12","author":"Clemens","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.3109\/09273941003678837","article-title":"Uveitis related to juvenile idiopathic arthritis: Familial cases and possible genetic implication in the pathogenesis","volume":"18","author":"Julian","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ocul. Immunol. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1928","DOI":"10.1002\/art.20292","article-title":"Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis affected sibpairs: Extent of clinical phenotype concordance","volume":"50","author":"Moroldo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1962","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780401107","article-title":"Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis in affected sibpairs","volume":"40","author":"Moroldo","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780230814","article-title":"Similar patterns of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis within families","volume":"23","author":"Rosenberg","year":"1980","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/40.2.221","article-title":"Uveitis in sibling pairs with juvenile idiopathic arthritis","volume":"40","author":"Saila","year":"2001","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1002\/art.40484","article-title":"Identification of an Amino Acid Motif in HLA-DRbeta1 That Distinguishes Uveitis in Patients With Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis","volume":"70","author":"Haasnoot","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.2001.01623.x","article-title":"HLA-DR expression on lymphocyte subsets as a marker of disease activity in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"125","author":"Viallard","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2015.12","article-title":"Relationship between T-cell HLA-DR expression and intravenous immunoglobulin treatment response in Kawasaki disease","volume":"77","author":"Wakiguchi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1038\/jhg.2010.159","article-title":"Association of HLA-A*02:06 and HLA-DRB1*04:05 with clinical subtypes of juvenile idiopathic arthritis","volume":"56","author":"Yanagimachi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.20508","article-title":"Enthesitis in an inception cohort of enthesitis-related arthritis","volume":"63","author":"Weiss","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"390","article-title":"International League of Associations for Rheumatology classification of juvenile idiopathic arthritis: Second revision, Edmonton, 2001","volume":"31","author":"Petty","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1111\/1756-185X.13551","article-title":"Clinical correlates of HLA-B*27 and its subtypes in enthesitis-related arthritis variant of juvenile idiopathic arthritis in south Indian Tamil patients","volume":"22","author":"Kavadichanda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1097\/ICU.0000000000000525","article-title":"Ocular features of the HLA-B27-positive seronegative spondyloarthropathies","volume":"29","author":"Jhaj","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780380210","article-title":"A genetic association between juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and a novel interleukin-1 alpha polymorphism","volume":"38","author":"McDowell","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(200104)44:4<802::AID-ANR136>3.0.CO;2-G","article-title":"Cytokine gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to juvenile idiopathic arthritis. British Paediatric Rheumatology Study Group","volume":"44","author":"Donn","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/38.2.171","article-title":"Absence of association between interleukin 1 alpha and oligoarticular juvenile chronic arthritis in UK patients","volume":"38","author":"Donn","year":"1999","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbspin.2016.04.014","article-title":"Association of TRAF1-C5 with risk of uveitis in juvenile idiopathic arthritis","volume":"84","author":"Pers","year":"2017","journal-title":"Joint. Bone Spine"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2577","DOI":"10.1002\/art.24759","article-title":"TRAF1 polymorphisms associated with rheumatoid arthritis susceptibility in Asians and in Caucasians","volume":"60","author":"Han","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Angeles-Han, S.T., Yeh, S., and Vogler, L.B. (2013). Updates on the risk markers and outcomes of severe juvenile idiopathic arthritis-associated uveitis. Int. J. Clin. Rheumtol., 8.","DOI":"10.2217\/ijr.12.83"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1080\/03009742.2016.1238959","article-title":"Non-HLA gene polymorphisms in juvenile idiopathic arthritis: Associations with disease outcome","volume":"46","author":"Enevold","year":"2017","journal-title":"Scand. J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2019.104008","article-title":"B7-H4, a promising target for immunotherapy","volume":"347","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Immunol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1843","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-0421","article-title":"Ophthalmologic examinations in children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"117","author":"Cassidy","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1436","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.23783","article-title":"Prospective Determination of the Incidence and Risk Factors of New-Onset Uveitis in Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis: The Research in Arthritis in Canadian Children Emphasizing Outcomes Cohort","volume":"71","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.081318","article-title":"Biomarkers of chronic uveitis in juvenile idiopathic arthritis: Predictive value of antihistone antibodies and antinuclear antibodies","volume":"36","author":"Nordal","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"1139","article-title":"Prevalence and outcome of juvenile idiopathic arthritis-associated uveitis and relation to articular disease","volume":"34","author":"Grassi","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2014.11.007","article-title":"Erythrocyte sedimentation rate as baseline predictor for the development of uveitis in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis","volume":"159","author":"Haasnoot","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2004.026955","article-title":"Uveitis in young adults with juvenile idiopathic arthritis: A clinical evaluation of 123 patients","volume":"64","author":"Kotaniemi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"109","article-title":"Uveitis as a marker of active arthritis in 372 patients with juvenile idiopathic seronegative oligoarthritis or polyarthritis","volume":"20","author":"Kotaniemi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.3109\/09273948.2013.841495","article-title":"Predictive value of selected biomarkers, polymorphisms, and clinical features for oligoarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis-associated uveitis","volume":"22","author":"Pelegrin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ocul. Immunol. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_84","first-page":"2446","article-title":"Early predictors of severe course of uveitis in oligoarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis","volume":"29","author":"Zulian","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1769","DOI":"10.1002\/art.39621","article-title":"Ocular Fluid Analysis in Children Reveals Interleukin-29\/Interferon-lambda1 as a Biomarker for Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis-Associated Uveitis","volume":"68","author":"Haasnoot","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3709","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-10865","article-title":"Intraocular biomarker identification in uveitis associated with juvenile idiopathic arthritis","volume":"54","author":"Byers","year":"2013","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/s12348-018-0156-5","article-title":"Discovery of tear biomarkers in children with chronic non-infectious anterior uveitis: A pilot study","volume":"8","author":"Yeh","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Ophthalmic. Inflamm. Infect."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780240914","article-title":"Localization of IgM in plasma cells in the iris of a patient with iridocyclitis and juvenile rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"24","author":"Godfrey","year":"1981","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6770","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.15-17351","article-title":"Infiltration of Plasma Cells in the Iris of Children With ANA-Positive Anterior Uveitis","volume":"56","year":"2015","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1983.01040020087015","article-title":"Early-onset pauciarticular juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. A histopathologic study","volume":"101","author":"Merriam","year":"1983","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1833","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2008.03.027","article-title":"Immunohistochemical study of chronic nongranulomatous anterior uveitis in juvenile idiopathic arthritis","volume":"115","author":"Parikh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_92","first-page":"733","article-title":"Ocular histopathology in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"11","author":"Sabates","year":"1979","journal-title":"Ann. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/41.12.1428","article-title":"Long-term follow-up of 246 adults with juvenile idiopathic arthritis: Functional outcome","volume":"41","author":"Packham","year":"2002","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2009.09.041","article-title":"Diagnostic testing and interpretation of tests for autoimmunity","volume":"125","author":"Castro","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.18773\/austprescr.2015.034","article-title":"Erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein","volume":"38","author":"Harrison","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aust. Prescr."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284ra259","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aaa4304","article-title":"Interferon-lambda restricts West Nile virus neuroinvasion by tightening the blood-brain barrier","volume":"7","author":"Lazear","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-019-0588-y","article-title":"Neutrophils homing into the retina trigger pathology in early age-related macular degeneration","volume":"2","author":"Ghosh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3095","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-009-0109-0","article-title":"Transthyretin: The servant of many masters","volume":"66","author":"Buxbaum","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.14.7.835","article-title":"Drusen associated with aging and age-related macular degeneration contain proteins common to extracellular deposits associated with atherosclerosis, elastosis, amyloidosis, and dense deposit disease","volume":"14","author":"Mullins","year":"2000","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e405","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.13292","article-title":"Cytokine and chemokine tear levels in patients with uveitis","volume":"95","author":"Carreno","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_101","first-page":"1107","article-title":"Consensus-based recommendations for the management of uveitis associated with juvenile idiopathic arthritis: The SHARE initiative","volume":"77","author":"Constantin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.3109\/09273948.2015.1077976","article-title":"Treatment Options for Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA) Associated Uveitis","volume":"24","author":"Amin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ocul. Immunol. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2558","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-017-0635-3","article-title":"Update on the Treatment of Uveitis in Patients with Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis: A Review","volume":"34","author":"Asproudis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Ther."},{"key":"ref_104","first-page":"2515841420984572","article-title":"Recent advances in the treatment of juvenile idiopathic arthritis-associated uveitis","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-019-04763-3","article-title":"Treating juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA)-related uveitis beyond TNF-alpha inhibition: A narrative review","volume":"39","author":"Gaggiano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2019.108327","article-title":"High-dose intravenous methylprednisolone in juvenile non-infectious uveitis: A retrospective analysis","volume":"211","author":"Schnabel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-015-3231-3","article-title":"Clinical management algorithm of uveitis associated with juvenile idiopathic arthritis: Interdisciplinary panel consensus","volume":"35","author":"Bou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rheumatol. Int."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-011-2126-1","article-title":"Evidence-based, interdisciplinary guidelines for anti-inflammatory treatment of uveitis associated with juvenile idiopathic arthritis","volume":"32","author":"Heiligenhaus","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rheumatol. Int."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)76692-9","article-title":"Randomized, double-masked study of cyclosporine compared to prednisolone in the treatment of endogenous uveitis","volume":"112","author":"Nussenblatt","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2008.174","article-title":"Limited value of cyclosporine A for the treatment of patients with uveitis associated with juvenile idiopathic arthritis","volume":"23","author":"Tappeiner","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1614160","article-title":"Adalimumab plus Methotrexate for Uveitis in Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis","volume":"376","author":"Ramanan","year":"2017","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2017-212089","article-title":"ADJUVITE: A double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial of adalimumab in early onset, chronic, juvenile idiopathic arthritis-associated anterior uveitis","volume":"77","author":"Quartier","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e135","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(20)30008-4","article-title":"Tocilizumab in patients with anti-TNF refractory juvenile idiopathic arthritis-associated uveitis (APTITUDE): A multicentre, single-arm, phase 2 trial","volume":"2","author":"Ramanan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/s12969-016-0088-2","article-title":"Juvenile idiopathic arthritis-associated uveitis","volume":"14","author":"Clarke","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr. Rheumatol. Online J."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(93)31568-X","article-title":"Cataract development and cataract surgery in patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis-associated iridocyclitis","volume":"100","author":"Foster","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"}],"container-title":["Children"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/8\/8\/646\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:35:52Z","timestamp":1760164552000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/8\/8\/646"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,27]]},"references-count":115,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]}},"alternative-id":["children8080646"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/children8080646","relation":{},"ISSN":["2227-9067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2227-9067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,27]]}}}