{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T23:47:43Z","timestamp":1788306463844,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,26]],"date-time":"2021-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632614400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Background: biological variables and particular child rearing practices could be linked to postural control and rates of sitting onset. The segmental Assessment of Trunk Control (SATCo) is currently used as an assessment of postural control with a specific segment on premature infants. However, the association between related factors and segmental trunk control during sitting development in preterm infants via longitudinal assessments is still limited. Objective: to investigate the associations between biological and child rearing factors and segmental trunk control during sitting in moderate to late premature birth from the age of 4 months to age of independent sitting attainment. (2) Methods: forty-two infants born between 32 and 36 weeks of gestation were recruited. Their segmental trunk control was assessed using the SATCo. Their related factors were recorded from the age of 4 months to early onset of independent sitting attainment. The generalised estimating equation (GEE) model was used to identify the association between related factors and the SATCo with a linear distribution. (3) Results: cause of prematurity, baby rocking recliner and baby walker usage were negative factors, while play in a sitting position, opportunity to move on a traditional mat and sleep mattress were positive factors contributing to the segmental control of the trunk. (4) Conclusions: the experience of sitting on different surfaces and an opportunity to sit without support during the child rearing period from age of 4 months corrected could be positive factors associating with the segmental trunk control in moderate-to-late premature infants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children8100851","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,27]],"date-time":"2021-09-27T01:59:47Z","timestamp":1632707987000},"page":"851","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Factors Associating with the Segmental Postural Control during Sitting in Moderate-to-Late Preterm Infants via Longitudinal Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4622-5638","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noppharath","family":"Sangkarit","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center in Back, Neck, Other Joint Pain and Human Performance (BNOJPH), School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Muang, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6893-7313","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wantana","family":"Siritaratiwat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center in Back, Neck, Other Joint Pain and Human Performance (BNOJPH), School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Muang, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Surussawadi","family":"Bennett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center in Back, Neck, Other Joint Pain and Human Performance (BNOJPH), School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Muang, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7080-5213","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weerasak","family":"Tapanya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"94","article-title":"The development of trunk control and its relation to reaching in infancy: A longitudinal study","volume":"9","author":"Rachwani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2016.1250119","article-title":"Prognostic predictors for ambulation in children with cerebral palsy: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"40","author":"Keeratisiroj","year":"2018","journal-title":"Disabil. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study Group (2006). WHO Motor Development Study: Windows of achievement for six gross motor development milestones. Acta Paediatr., 95, 86\u201395.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2006.tb02379.x"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2215","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.01193.2011","article-title":"Learning about gravity: Segmental assessment of upright control as infants develop independent sitting","volume":"108","author":"Saavedra","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2008.03007.x","article-title":"Development of the daily activities of infants scale: A measure supporting early motor development","volume":"50","author":"Bartlett","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dev. Med. Child. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1590\/S0103-21002011000500012","article-title":"Motor development of preterm and term infants: Using the Alberta Infant Motor Scale","volume":"24","author":"Maia","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Paul. Enferm."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jped.2017.03.003","article-title":"Motor development of preterm infants assessed by the Alberta Infant Motor Scale: Systematic review article","volume":"93","author":"Fuentefria","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1080\/17518423.2019.1648580","article-title":"Longitudinal Development of Segmental Trunk Control in Full Term and Preterm Infants- a Pilot Study: Part I","volume":"23","author":"Pin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dev. Neurorehabil."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1080\/00222895.2019.1673694","article-title":"Is Segmental Trunk Control Related to Gross Motor Performance in Healthy Preterm and Full-Term Infants?","volume":"52","author":"Greco","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mot. Behav."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1080\/17518423.2019.1629661","article-title":"Longitudinal Development of Segmental Trunk Control in Full Term and Preterm Infants-a Pilot Study: Part II","volume":"23","author":"Pin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dev. Neurorehabil."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Adolph, K., Karasik, L., and Tamis-LeMonda, C. (2010). Domains of development across cultures. Handbook of Cross-Cultural Developmental Science, Tayor & Francis Group."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Tresilian, J. (2012). Sensorimotor Control and Learning: An Introduction to the Behavioral Neuroscience of Action, Palgrave Macmillan."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1177\/0022022115593803","article-title":"Places and postures: A cross-cultural comparison of sitting in 5-month-olds","volume":"46","author":"Karasik","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Cross-Cult. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1902","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2011.03.026","article-title":"Unstable longitudinal motor performance in preterm infants from 6 to 24 months on the Bayley Scales of Infant Development\u2014Second edition","volume":"32","author":"Janssen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Res. Dev. Disabil."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1111\/infa.12039","article-title":"Postural position constrains multimodal object exploration in infants","volume":"19","author":"Soska","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infancy"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1430","DOI":"10.1002\/wcs.1430","article-title":"The development of motor behavior","volume":"8","author":"Adolph","year":"2017","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1097\/01.PEP.0000051693.49199.41","article-title":"Relationships of Equipment Use and Play Positions to Motor Development at Eight Months Corrected Age of Infants Born Preterm","volume":"15","author":"Bartlett","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatric Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-3782(98)00028-0","article-title":"Intra-individual stability of rate of gross motor development in full-term infants","volume":"52","author":"Darrah","year":"1998","journal-title":"Early Hum. Dev."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-017-5156-4","article-title":"Parent handling of typical infants varies segmentally across development of postural control","volume":"236","author":"Duncan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-4328(05)80189-5","article-title":"The spectrum of leukomalacia using cranial ultrasound","volume":"49","author":"Eken","year":"1992","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(78)80282-0","article-title":"Incidence and evolution of subependymal and intraventricular hemorrhage: A study of infants with birth weights less than 1500 gm","volume":"92","author":"Papile","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diggle, P., Diggle, P.J., Heagerty, P., Liang, K.-Y., Heagerty, P.J., and Zeger, S. (2002). Analysis of Longitudinal Data, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198524847.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Jirawatkul, A. (2015). Statistics for Health Science Research, Asia Press."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1097\/PEP.0b013e3181e69490","article-title":"Refinement, reliability and validity of the segmental assessment of trunk control (SATCo)","volume":"22","author":"Butler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatric Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pin, T.W., Butler, P.B., Cheung, H.M., and Shum, S.L. (2018). Segmental Assessment of Trunk Control in infants from 4 to 9 months of age- a psychometric study. BMC Pediatric, 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-018-1153-4"},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"(2019, January 10). How We Measure Outcomes. Available online: https:\/\/www.the-move-mentcentre.co.uk\/targeted-training\/how-we-measure-outcomes\/."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2018.00185","article-title":"Influence of sitting positions and level of trunk control during reaching movements in late preterm and full-term infants","volume":"6","author":"Sato","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Pediatric"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyy240","article-title":"Relative contributions of prenatal complications, perinatal characteristics, neonatal morbidities and socio-economic conditions of preterm infants on the occurrence of developmental disorders up to 7\u2009years of age","volume":"48","author":"Hanf","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infbeh.2020.101429","article-title":"Association of preterm birth and intrauterine growth restriction with childhood motor development: Brisa cohort, Brazil","volume":"58","author":"Rocha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infant Behav. Dev."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3016.2002.00393.x","article-title":"Birthweight and gestational age effects on motor and social development","volume":"16","author":"Hediger","year":"2002","journal-title":"Paediatr. Perinat. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1155\/NP.2005.99","article-title":"Development of postural control during the first 18 months of life","volume":"12","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neural Plast."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1111\/infa.12272","article-title":"Changing Opportunities for Learning in Everyday Life: Infant Body Position Over the First Year","volume":"24","author":"Franchak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infancy"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2214.2001.00186.x","article-title":"Infant motor development and equipment use in the home","volume":"27","author":"Abbott","year":"2001","journal-title":"Child Care Health Dev."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.17816\/PTORS6123-32","article-title":"Baby walkers and the phenomenon of toe-walking","volume":"6","author":"Krivova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatric Traumatol. Orthop. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"159","article-title":"Evaluation of the effects of using a baby walker on trunk control and motor development","volume":"56","author":"Bezgin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Turk. Arch. Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2007.00858.x","article-title":"A review of the effects of sleep position, play position, and equipment use on motor development in infants","volume":"49","author":"Pin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dev. Med. Child Neurol."}],"container-title":["Children"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/8\/10\/851\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:05:25Z","timestamp":1760166325000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/8\/10\/851"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,26]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]}},"alternative-id":["children8100851"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/children8100851","relation":{},"ISSN":["2227-9067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2227-9067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,26]]}}}