{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T18:44:01Z","timestamp":1790707441015,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,20]],"date-time":"2021-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634688000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>School-aged extremely preterm (EPT) children have multiple specific neurocognitive\/behavioral disorders that are often associated with other disorders; this manifests a true neurobehavioral \u201cphenotype\u201d of prematurity. To determine a profile of cognitive\/behavioral impairments in a population of school-aged EPT children (7\u201310 years-old) without major disabilities, a cross-sectional study was conducted in five medical centers. An algorithm distributed the study population according to four WISC-IV subtests, five NEPSY-2 subtests, and two variables of figure of Rey. The behavior (SDQ), anxiety (Spielberg STAI-C), and generic QoL (Kidscreen 10 and VSP-A) were also evaluated. The study included 231 school-aged EPT children. Three neurobehavioral \u201cphenotypes\u201d were defined according to their severity: 1 = moderately, 2 = minor, and 3 = unimpaired. In all the profiles, the working memory, perceptual reasoning, as well as mental flexibility, were close to or below average, and their emotional behavior was always troubled. Self-esteem and school-work were the most impacted QoL areas. The unimpaired neurobehavior exhibited emotional behavioral impairment and executive dysfunction. The profile analysis defined distinct outcome groups and provided an informative means of identifying factors related to developmental outcomes. The QoL deterioration is determined by the severity of the three neurobehavioral \u201cphenotypes\u201d, which is defined as well as by dysexecutive and\/or behavioral disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children8110943","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,20]],"date-time":"2021-10-20T21:29:46Z","timestamp":1634765386000},"page":"943","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The Neurobehavioral Phenotype of School-Aged, Very Prematurely Born Children with No Serious Neurological Sequelae: A Quality of Life Predictor"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1801-9944","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barth\u00e9l\u00e9my","family":"Tosello","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology, North Hospital, University Hospital of Marseille, Chemin des Bourrely, CEDEX 20, 13915 Marseille, France"},{"name":"Aix Marseille Universit\u00e9, CNRS, EFS, ADES, 13915 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sahra","family":"M\u00e9ziane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology, North Hospital, University Hospital of Marseille, Chemin des Bourrely, CEDEX 20, 13915 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"No\u00e9mie","family":"Resseguier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEReSS-Health Service Research and Quality of Life Center, Faculty of Medicine, Aix-Marseille University, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2858-148X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"St\u00e9phane","family":"Marret","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatal Medicine, Neuropediatrics Rouen University Hospital and INSERM U 1245, Neovasc Team, Perinatal Neurological Handicap and Neuroprotection IRIB, School of Medicine, Rouen University, 1 rue de Germont, CEDEX, 76031 Rouen, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1360-7915","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gilles","family":"Cambonie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatal Medicine, Montpellier University Hospital, 191 av. du Doyen Giraud, CEDEX 5, 34295 Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meriem","family":"Zahed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology, North Hospital, University Hospital of Marseille, Chemin des Bourrely, CEDEX 20, 13915 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8490-7755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"V\u00e9ronique","family":"Br\u00e9vaut-Malaty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology, North Hospital, University Hospital of Marseille, Chemin des Bourrely, CEDEX 20, 13915 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0056-4095","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Any","family":"Beltran Anzola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology, North Hospital, University Hospital of Marseille, Chemin des Bourrely, CEDEX 20, 13915 Marseille, France"},{"name":"CEReSS-Health Service Research and Quality of Life Center, Faculty of Medicine, Aix-Marseille University, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Gire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology, North Hospital, University Hospital of Marseille, Chemin des Bourrely, CEDEX 20, 13915 Marseille, France"},{"name":"CEReSS-Health Service Research and Quality of Life Center, Faculty of Medicine, Aix-Marseille University, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"for the GPQoL-Study Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11R","DOI":"10.1203\/PDR.0b013e318212faa0","article-title":"Preterm Birth and Childhood Psychiatric Disorders","volume":"69","author":"Johnson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2013.11.012","article-title":"Neuropsychological Outcomes of Children Born Very Preterm","volume":"19","author":"Anderson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Semin. Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2018.1394","article-title":"Developmental Coordination Disorder and Its Association with Developmental Comorbidities at 6.5 Years in Apparently Healthy Children Born Extremely Preterm","volume":"172","author":"Bolk","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.14231","article-title":"National Population-Based Cohort Study Found that Visual-Motor Integration Was Commonly Affected in Extremely Preterm Born Children at Six-and-a-Half Years","volume":"107","author":"Bolk","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000091","article-title":"Mental Health of Extremely Low Birth Weight Survivors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"143","author":"Mathewson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00154","article-title":"What do We Know about the Preterm Behavioral Phenotype? A Narrative Review","volume":"11","author":"Fitzallen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1080\/87565640802254471","article-title":"Neurocognitive Test Profiles of Extremely Low Birth Weight Five-Year-Old Children Differ according to Neuromotor Status","volume":"33","author":"Korkman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dev. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2017.82","article-title":"Cognitive Functioning at the Age of 10\u2009Years among Children Born Extremely Preterm: A Latent Profile Approach","volume":"82","author":"Heeren","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n741","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n741","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental Outcomes at Age 5 among Children Born Preterm: EPIPAGE-2 Cohort Study","volume":"373","author":"Pierrat","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2018-315046","article-title":"Quality of Life of Extremely Preterm School-Age Children without Major Handicap: A Cross-Sectional Observational Study","volume":"104","author":"Gire","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-020-0795-8","article-title":"Specific Cognitive Correlates of the Quality of Life of Extremely Preterm School-Aged Children without Major Neurodevelopmental Disability","volume":"88","author":"Gire","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Kaufman, L., and Rousseeuw, P.J. (2005). Finding Groups in Data: An Introduction to Cluster Analysis, Wiley\u2013Blackwell."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Kaufmann, L., and Rousseeuw, P. (1987). Clustering by Means of Medoids. Data Analysis based on the L1-Norm and Related Methods, Elsevier Science Ltd."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2013.01.014","article-title":"Behavioural Outcomes and Psychopathology during Adolescence","volume":"89","author":"Johnson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Early Hum. Dev."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20170199","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2017-0199","article-title":"Behavioral Patterns in Adolescents Born at 23 to 25 Weeks of Gestation","volume":"140","author":"Samuelsson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1097\/DBP.0000000000000139","article-title":"Persisting Behavior Problems in Extremely Low Birth Weight Adolescents","volume":"36","author":"Taylor","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Dev. Behav. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2463","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329171100081X","article-title":"Prevalence of Psychiatric Diagnoses in Preterm and Full-Term Children, Adolescents and Young Adults: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"41","author":"Burnett","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1097\/DBP.0000000000000646","article-title":"Exploring the \u201cPreterm Behavioral Phenotype\u201d in Children Born Extremely Preterm","volume":"40","author":"Burnett","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Dev. Behav. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1097\/DBP.0000000000000485","article-title":"Social Responsiveness Scale Assessment of the Preterm Behavioral Phenotype in 10-Year-Olds Born Extremely Preterm","volume":"38","author":"Korzeniewski","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Dev. Behav. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F267","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2009.167965","article-title":"Processing Speed and Working Memory Underlie Academic Attainment in Very Preterm Children","volume":"95","author":"Mulder","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2008-2816","article-title":"Meta-Analysis of Neurobehavioral Outcomes in Very Preterm and\/or Very Low Birth Weight Children","volume":"124","author":"Oosterlaan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617711000373","article-title":"Processing Speed Mediates Executive Function Difficulties in Very Preterm Children in Middle Childhood","volume":"17","author":"Mulder","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1080\/09658211.2013.809765","article-title":"Neonatal Brain Abnormalities and Memory and Learning Outcomes at 7 Years in Children Born Very Preterm","volume":"22","author":"Omizzolo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Memory"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1053","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2012-2311","article-title":"School-Age Outcomes of Extremely Preterm or Extremely Low Birth Weight Children","volume":"131","author":"Hutchinson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1080\/87565640902964524","article-title":"Development of Executive Function and Attention in Preterm Children: A Systematic Review","volume":"34","author":"Mulder","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dev. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.12783","article-title":"Social Development of Children Born Very Preterm: A Systematic Review","volume":"57","author":"Ritchie","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dev. Med. Child Neurol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2015.00159","article-title":"The First 1000 Days of the Autistic Brain: A Systematic Review of Diffusion Imaging Studies","volume":"9","author":"Conti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2140","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A5834","article-title":"Aberrant Structural Brain Connectivity in Adolescents with Attentional Problems Who Were Born Prematurely","volume":"39","author":"Tymofiyeva","year":"2018","journal-title":"AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20162690","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-2690","article-title":"Self-Reported Mental Health Problems among Adults Born Preterm: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"139","author":"Wolford","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1741-6787.2009.00150.x","article-title":"Newborn Individual Development Care and Assessment Program (NIDCAP): A Systematic Review of the Literature","volume":"6","author":"Wallin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Worldviews Evid.-Based Nurs."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1097\/00004703-200612000-00002","article-title":"Consequences and Risks of <1000-g Birth Weight for Neuropsychological Skills, Achievement, and Adaptive Functioning","volume":"27","author":"Taylor","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Dev. Behav. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.14693","article-title":"A Meta-Analysis of Neurodevelopmental Outcomes at 4\u201310 Years in Children Born at 22\u201325 Weeks Gestation","volume":"108","author":"Ding","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23011","DOI":"10.1038\/srep23011","article-title":"The Empathizing-Systemizing Theory, Social Abilities, and Mathematical Achievement in Children","volume":"6","author":"Escovar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1204529","article-title":"Interventions Shown to Aid Executive Function Development in Children 4 to 12 Years Old","volume":"333","author":"Diamond","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"}],"container-title":["Children"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/8\/11\/943\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:19:06Z","timestamp":1760167146000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/8\/11\/943"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,20]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]}},"alternative-id":["children8110943"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/children8110943","relation":{},"ISSN":["2227-9067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2227-9067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,20]]}}}