{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T19:13:37Z","timestamp":1790363617328,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,2]],"date-time":"2021-11-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635811200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Nasal polyps (NPs) are benign inflammatory masses causing chronic nasal obstruction, usually associated with underlying chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), which are rarely reported in childhood. The interest in NPs has recently increased due to new therapeutic options, namely biological agents, such as dupilumab, and an update of the European position paper on this topic was released in 2020, providing a detailed classification for these lesions and also discussing diagnostic and therapeutic approaches also in children. In childhood, NPs usually represent red flags for systemic diseases, such as cystic fibrosis and immunodeficiencies. This review outlines the recent data on NPs in childhood, focusing on predisposing factors for CRS as well as on the potential endotypes in this particular age group, for which further studies are required in order to better clarify their pathogenesis and to identify molecular biomarkers that could help achieve more personalized treatments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children8110997","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,2]],"date-time":"2021-11-02T12:39:42Z","timestamp":1635856782000},"page":"997","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Nasal Polyps in Children: The Early Origins of a Challenging Adulthood Condition"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7027-6817","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria E.","family":"Di Cicco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma n. 55, 56126 Pisa, Italy"},{"name":"Allergology Section, Pediatrics Unit, Pisa University Hospital, Via Roma n. 67, 56126 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Bizzoco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma n. 55, 56126 Pisa, Italy"},{"name":"Allergology Section, Pediatrics Unit, Pisa University Hospital, Via Roma n. 67, 56126 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Morelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma n. 55, 56126 Pisa, Italy"},{"name":"Allergology Section, Pediatrics Unit, Pisa University Hospital, Via Roma n. 67, 56126 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6297-8034","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Veronica","family":"Seccia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Otolaryngology, Audiology, and Phoniatric Operative Unit, Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology, and Critical Care Medicine, Pisa University Hospital, Via Trivella, 56124 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Ragazzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatrics and Neonatology Division, Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Health Department, Versilia Hospital, Via Aurelia n. 335, 55049 Lido di Camaiore, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0234-1373","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diego G.","family":"Peroni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma n. 55, 56126 Pisa, Italy"},{"name":"Allergology Section, Pediatrics Unit, Pisa University Hospital, Via Roma n. 67, 56126 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5209-9733","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pasquale","family":"Comberiati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma n. 55, 56126 Pisa, Italy"},{"name":"Allergology Section, Pediatrics Unit, Pisa University Hospital, Via Roma n. 67, 56126 Pisa, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4193\/Rhin20.401","article-title":"European Position Paper on Rhinosinusitis and Nasal Polyps 2020","volume":"58","author":"Fokkens","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rhinology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s11882-018-0792-8","article-title":"Chronic Rhinosinusitis in Children: Pathophysiology, Evaluation, and Medical Management","volume":"18","author":"Heath","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. 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