{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T11:58:04Z","timestamp":1789559884642,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":112,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,16]],"date-time":"2021-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639612800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000071","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1R21HD103058-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R21HD103058-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000071","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>One third of all neonatal deaths are caused by intrapartum-related events, resulting in neonatal respiratory depression (i.e., failure to breathe at birth). Evidence-based resuscitation with stimulation, airway clearance, and positive pressure ventilation reduces mortality from respiratory depression. Improving adherence to evidence-based resuscitation is vital to preventing neonatal deaths caused by respiratory depression. Standard resuscitation training programs, combined with frequent simulation practice, have not reached their life-saving potential due to ongoing gaps in bedside performance. Complex neonatal resuscitations, such as those involving positive pressure ventilation, are relatively uncommon for any given resuscitation provider, making consistent clinical practice an unrealistic solution for improving performance. This review discusses strategies to allow every birth to act as a learning event within the context of both high- and low-resource settings. We review strategies that involve clinical-decision support during newborn resuscitation, including the visual display of a resuscitation algorithm, peer-to-peer support, expert coaching, and automated guidance. We also review strategies that involve post-event reflection after newborn resuscitation, including delivery room checklists, audits, and debriefing. Strategies that make every birth a learning event have the potential to close performance gaps in newborn resuscitation that remain after training and frequent simulation practice, and they should be prioritized for further development and evaluation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children8121194","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,16]],"date-time":"2021-12-16T21:10:02Z","timestamp":1639689002000},"page":"1194","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Improving Newborn Resuscitation by Making Every Birth a Learning Event"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Kourtney","family":"Bettinger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Kansas School of Medicine, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, MS 4004, Kansas City, KS 66103, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Mafuta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa 11850, Democratic Republic of the Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Mackay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 101 Manning Drive, CB 7596, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7596, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carl","family":"Bose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 101 Manning Drive, CB 7596, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7596, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helge","family":"Myklebust","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laerdal Medical Strategic Research Department, Tanke Svilandsgate 30, N-4002 Stavanger, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ingunn","family":"Haug","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laerdal Medical Strategic Research Department, Tanke Svilandsgate 30, N-4002 Stavanger, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9392-1316","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Ishoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa 11850, Democratic Republic of the Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3330-7872","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jackie","family":"Patterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 101 Manning Drive, CB 7596, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7596, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"UNICEF Data (2021, September 29). Monitoring the Situation of Children and Women; Neonatal Mortality. Available online: https:\/\/data.unicef.org\/topic\/child-survival\/neonatal-mortality\/."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1297","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30385-1","article-title":"Population-based rates, timing, and causes of maternal deaths, stillbirths, and neonatal deaths in south Asia and sub-Saharan Africa: A multi-country prospective cohort study","volume":"6","author":"Ahmed","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1853","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-015-1699-9","article-title":"Resuscitation and Obstetrical Care to Reduce Intrapartum-Related Neonatal Deaths: A MANDATE Study","volume":"19","author":"Griffin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Matern. Child. Health J."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semperi.2016.08.005","article-title":"Update on simulation for the Neonatal Resuscitation Program","volume":"40","author":"Ades","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2020.09.015","article-title":"Neonatal Life Support 2020 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science With Treatment Recommendations","volume":"156","author":"Wyckoff","year":"2020","journal-title":"Resuscitation"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S101","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2020-016915C","article-title":"A Short History of Helping Babies Breathe: Why and How, Then and Now","volume":"146","author":"Niermeyer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.11124\/JBISRIR-2017-003535","article-title":"The impact of the Helping Babies Survive program on neonatal outcomes and health provider skills: A systematic review","volume":"16","author":"Dol","year":"2018","journal-title":"JBI Database Syst. Rev. Implement. Rep."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S194","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2020-016915K","article-title":"Achieving Country-Wide Scale for Helping Babies Breathe and Helping Babies Survive","volume":"146","author":"Perlman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1159\/000443875","article-title":"Newborn Resuscitation Training Programmes Reduce Early Neonatal Mortality","volume":"110","author":"Pammi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000183","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjpo-2017-000183","article-title":"Impact of neonatal resuscitation trainings on neonatal and perinatal mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"1","author":"Patel","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Paediatr. Open"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"1996","article-title":"Improvement in knowledge of healthcare professionals attending Neonatal Life Support (NeoLiS) training workshop","volume":"71","author":"Munir","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Pak. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20193938","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2019-3938","article-title":"Implementation of the Helping Babies Breathe Training Program: A Systematic Review","volume":"146","author":"Morris","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.12430","article-title":"Fresh stillborn and severely asphyxiated neonates share a common hypoxic-ischemic pathway","volume":"141","author":"Ersdal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Gynaecol. Obstet."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"St\u00f8rdal, K., Eilevstj\u00f8nn, J., Mduma, E., Holte, K., Thallinger, M., Linde, J., Mdoe, P., Kidanto, H., and Ersdal, H.L. (2020). Increased perinatal survival and improved ventilation skills over a five-year period: An observational study. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0240520"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2013.04.005","article-title":"A one-day \u201cHelping Babies Breathe\u201d course improves simulated performance but not clinical management of neonates","volume":"84","author":"Ersdal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Resuscitation"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Patterson, J., Eilevstj\u00f8nn, J., Berkelhamer, S., Ishoso, D., Lokangaka, A., Lowman, C., Iyer, P., Haug, I., Myklebust, H., and Singhal, N. (2021, January 2). Provider practices after Helping Babies Breathe training in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: Simulation-based training alone is insufficient to ensure adherence. Proceedings of the Pediatric Academic Societies, Virtual Highlighted e-Poster with Live Q&A, Online."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e145","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-2105","article-title":"Low-dose, high-frequency CPR training improves skill retention of in-hospital pediatric providers","volume":"128","author":"Sutton","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2015.04.019","article-title":"Frequent brief on-site simulation training and reduction in 24-h neonatal mortality\u2013An educational intervention study","volume":"93","author":"Mduma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Resuscitation"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecns.2020.03.001","article-title":"Video Analysis of Newborn Resuscitations After Simulation-Based Helping Babies Breathe Training","volume":"44","author":"Haug","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Simul. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2011.12.011","article-title":"Early initiation of basic resuscitation interventions including face mask ventilation may reduce birth asphyxia related mortality in low-income countries: A prospective descriptive observational study","volume":"83","author":"Ersdal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Resuscitation"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"538","article-title":"Helping Babies Breathe: Lessons learned guiding the way forward","volume":"6","author":"Kak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Glob. Health: Sci. Pract."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2011.11.015","article-title":"Effects of socio-emotional stressors on ventilation rate and subjective workload during simulated CPR by lay rescuers","volume":"43","author":"Myklebust","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2020.09.020","article-title":"Does stress influence the performance of cardiopulmonary resuscitation? A narrative review of the literature","volume":"63","author":"Vincent","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2016.07.003","article-title":"Time Perception during Neonatal Resuscitation","volume":"177","author":"Trevisanuto","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1423862","DOI":"10.1080\/16549716.2018.1423862","article-title":"Factors affecting effective ventilation during newborn resuscitation: A qualitative study among midwives in rural Tanzania","volume":"11","author":"Moshiro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Glob. Health Action"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.2147\/JMDH.S268959","article-title":"Balancing Life and Death During the Golden Minute\u2014Midwives\u2019 Experiences of Performing Newborn Resuscitation","volume":"13","author":"Ljungblad","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Multidiscip. Healthc."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, A.C., Cousens, S., Wall, S.N., Niermeyer, S., Darmstadt, G.L., Carlo, W.A., Keenan, W.J., Bhutta, Z.A., Gill, C., and Lawn, J.E. (2011). Neonatal resuscitation and immediate newborn assessment and stimulation for the prevention of neonatal deaths: A systematic review, meta-analysis and Delphi estimation of mortality effect. BMC Public Health, 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-11-S3-S12"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.1995.02170130022005","article-title":"Cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the delivery room. Associated clinical events","volume":"149","author":"Perlman","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch. Pediatrics Adolesc. Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2020.10.031","article-title":"Trends in neonatal resuscitation patterns in Queensland, Australia\u2014A 10-year retrospective cohort study","volume":"157","author":"Kapadia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Resuscitation"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"485","article-title":"The impact of the neonatal resuscitation program guidelines (NRPG) on the neonatal mortality in a hospital in Zhuhai, China","volume":"38","author":"Zhu","year":"1997","journal-title":"Singap. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weiner, G. (2021). Textbook of Neonatal Resuscitation, American Academy of Pediatrics. [8th ed.].","DOI":"10.1542\/9781610025256"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2017.03.035","article-title":"Incidence and characteristics of positive pressure ventilation delivered to newborns in a US tertiary academic hospital","volume":"115","author":"Niles","year":"2017","journal-title":"Resuscitation"},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"United Nations Population Fund (2021, September 21). The State of the World\u2019s Midwifery. Available online: https:\/\/www.unfpa.org\/data\/sowmy\/TZ."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"The World Bank Data (2021, September 21). Births Attended by Skilled Health Staff. Available online: https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/SH.STA.BRTC.ZS."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (2021, September 01). Clinical Decision Support, Available online: https:\/\/www.ahrq.gov\/cpi\/about\/otherwebsites\/clinical-decision-support\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"(2021, November 05). American Academy of Pediatrics. Available online: https:\/\/www.aap.org\/en-us\/continuing-medical-education\/life-support\/NRP\/Pages\/International-Overview.aspx."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"European Resuscitation Council (2021, November 13). Newborn Life Support Program. Available online: https:\/\/www.erc.edu\/courses\/newborn-life-support."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"American Academy of Pediatrics (2021, October 16). Helping Babies Breathe Program. Available online: https:\/\/www.aap.org\/en-us\/advocacy-and-policy\/aap-health-initiatives\/helping-babies-survive\/Pages\/Helping-Babies-Breathe.aspx."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Survive and Thrive Global Development Alliance (2021, November 05). Guiding the Way Forward: Survive & Thrive 5-year Report 2012\u20132017.. Available online: https:\/\/surviveandthrive.org\/about\/Documents\/Survive%20%20Trive%205%20year%20report%20FINAL.pdf."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S123","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2020-016915E","article-title":"Development and Impact of Helping Babies Breathe Educational Methodology","volume":"146","author":"Singhal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S185","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000895","article-title":"Neonatal Life Support: 2020 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science With Treatment Recommendations","volume":"142","author":"Wyckoff","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)67028-6","article-title":"How can we achieve and maintain high-quality performance of health workers in low-resource settings?","volume":"366","author":"Rowe","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S165","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2020-016915I","article-title":"Digital Health Innovations, Tools, and Resources to Support Helping Babies Survive Programs","volume":"146","author":"Bucher","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000860","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2018-000860","article-title":"The NeoTree application: Developing an integrated mHealth solution to improve quality of newborn care and survival in a district hospital in Malawi","volume":"4","author":"Crehan","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aep221","article-title":"Cognitive aid for neonatal resuscitation: A prospective single-blinded randomized controlled trial","volume":"103","author":"Bould","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br. J. Anaesth."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i57","DOI":"10.1136\/qshc.2004.009811","article-title":"Translating teamwork behaviours from aviation to healthcare: Development of behavioural markers for neonatal resuscitation","volume":"13","author":"Thomas","year":"2004","journal-title":"Qual. Saf. Health Care"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weiner, G., and Zaichkin, J. (2016). Textbook of Neonatal Resuscitation (NRP), American Academy of Pediatrics. [7th ed.].","DOI":"10.1542\/9781610020251"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020042010","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2020-042010","article-title":"Simulation-Based Neonatal Resuscitation Team Training: A Systematic Review","volume":"147","author":"Lindhard","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jp.7211451","article-title":"Teamwork and quality during neonatal care in the delivery room","volume":"26","author":"Thomas","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2017.02.002","article-title":"Teamwork among midwives during neonatal resuscitation at a maternity hospital in Nepal","volume":"30","author":"Wrammert","year":"2017","journal-title":"Women Birth"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-020-00802-z","article-title":"Teamwork, communication and resident leadership at resident-attended, neonatal delivery room resuscitations","volume":"41","author":"Heling","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F120","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2013-304311","article-title":"Human or monitor feedback to improve mask ventilation during simulated neonatal cardiopulmonary resuscitation","volume":"99","author":"Binder","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.3233\/NPM-18119","article-title":"Positive pressure ventilation coaching during neonatal bag-mask ventilation: A simulation-based pilot study","volume":"12","author":"Sawyer","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neonatal Perinat. Med."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jayanna, K., Bradley, J., Mony, P., Cunningham, T., Washington, M., Bhat, S., and Avery, L. (2016). Effectiveness of Onsite Nurse Mentoring in Improving Quality of Institutional Births in the Primary Health Centres of High Priority Districts of Karnataka, South India: A Cluster Randomized Trial. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0161957"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e027147","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-027147","article-title":"Where there is no nurse: An observational study of large-scale mentoring of auxiliary nurses to improve quality of care during childbirth at primary health centres in India","volume":"9","author":"Rao","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1097\/MOP.0000000000000995","article-title":"Telemedicine in neonatal medicine and resuscitation","volume":"33","author":"Lapcharoensap","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"396","article-title":"Scope of telemedicine in neonatology","volume":"22","author":"Makkar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin. J. Contemp. Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2014.07.019","article-title":"Real-time video communication improves provider performance in a simulated neonatal resuscitation","volume":"85","author":"Fang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Resuscitation"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1735","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2016.08.006","article-title":"Emergency Video Telemedicine Consultation for Newborn Resuscitations: The Mayo Clinic Experience","volume":"91","author":"Fang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1990","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2018.05133","article-title":"The Effect Of A Newborn Telehealth Program On Transfers Avoided: A Multiple-Baseline Study","volume":"37","author":"Albritton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Health Aff."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2018.01.045","article-title":"The impact of telemedicine on the quality of newborn resuscitation: A retrospective study","volume":"125","author":"Fang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Resuscitation"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2014.12.016","article-title":"Impact of a novel decision support tool on adherence to Neonatal Resuscitation Program algorithm","volume":"88","author":"Fuerch","year":"2015","journal-title":"Resuscitation"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1515\/jpm-2020-0173","article-title":"Evaluation of audio-voice guided application for neonatal resuscitation: A prospective, randomized, pilot study","volume":"49","author":"Dinur","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Perinat. Med."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1097\/SIH.0000000000000353","article-title":"A Simulation-Based Pilot Study of a Mobile Application (NRP Prompt) as a Cognitive Aid for Neonatal Resuscitation Training","volume":"14","author":"Chan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Simul. Healthc."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000688","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjpo-2020-000688","article-title":"Smartphone app for neonatal heart rate assessment: An observational study","volume":"4","author":"Pejovic","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Paediatr. Open"},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"NIH RePORTER (2021, September 21). An Integrated mHealth Strategy to Improve Newborn Resuscitation in Low and Lower-Middle Income Countries, Available online: https:\/\/reporter.nih.gov\/search\/xdBZFfEmdkKqqnN8s8s5FA\/project-details\/10260542."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2015011","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-0117","article-title":"Reducing Perinatal Mortality in Nepal Using Helping Babies Breathe","volume":"137","author":"Kc","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kc, A., Wrammert, J., Nelin, V., Clark, R.B., Ewald, U., Peterson, S., and M\u00e5lqvist, M. (2017). Evaluation of Helping Babies Breathe Quality Improvement Cycle (HBB-QIC) on retention of neonatal resuscitation skills six months after training in Nepal. BMC Pediatrics, 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-017-0853-5"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kc, A., Ewald, U., Basnet, O., Gurung, A., Pyakuryal, S.N., Jha, B.K., Bergstr\u00f6m, A., Eriksson, L., Paudel, P., and Karki, S. (2019). Effect of a scaled-up neonatal resuscitation quality improvement package on intrapartum-related mortality in Nepal: A stepped-wedge cluster randomized controlled trial. PLoS Med., 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002900"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chaulagain, D.R., Malqvist, M., Brunell, O., Wrammert, J., Basnet, O., and Kc, A. (2021). Performance of health workers on neonatal resuscitation care following scaled-up quality improvement interventions in public hospitals of Nepal\u2014A prospective observational study. BMC Health Serv. Res., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-021-06366-8"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40748-020-00117-z","article-title":"Helping Babies Breathe (2nd edition) implementation on a shoestring budget in Zanzibar, Tanzania","volume":"6","author":"Wilson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Matern. Health Neonatol. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"(2021, October 19). Making Every Baby Count: Audit and Review of Stillbirths and Neonatal Deaths: Highlights from the World Health Organization. 2016 Audit Guide. Available online: https:\/\/www.healthynewbornnetwork.org\/hnn-content\/uploads\/WHO_Audit-Review-of-Stillbirths-and-Neonatal-Deaths-HIghlights_2016-1.pdf."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"435","article-title":"Perinatal death audits in a peri-urban hospital in Kampala, Uganda","volume":"12","author":"Nakibuuka","year":"2012","journal-title":"Afr. Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1159\/000292637","article-title":"Value of perinatal audit in obstetric care in the developing world: A ten-year experience of the Maputo model","volume":"36","author":"Bugalho","year":"1993","journal-title":"Gynecol. Obstet. Investig."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/12.2.161","article-title":"Reducing perinatal mortality in developing countries","volume":"12","author":"Wilkinson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Health Policy Plan."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bellad, R.M., Bang, A., Carlo, W.A., McClure, E.M., Meleth, S., Goco, N., Goudar, S.S., Derman, R.J., Hibberd, P.L., and Patel, A. (2016). A pre-post study of a multi-country scale up of resuscitation training of facility birth attendants: Does Helping Babies Breathe training save lives?. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-016-0997-6"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-2243(91)90311-8","article-title":"Perinatal mortality in Norway: Experience with perinatal audit","volume":"41","year":"1991","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e005652","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-005652","article-title":"Term perinatal mortality audit in the Netherlands 2010\u20132012: A population-based cohort study","volume":"4","author":"Eskes","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semperi.2013.02.008","article-title":"Introduction to debriefing","volume":"37","author":"Gardner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Semin. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1097\/SIH.0000000000000148","article-title":"More Than One Way to Debrief: A Critical Review of Healthcare Simulation Debriefing Methods","volume":"11","author":"Sawyer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Simul. Healthc."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1097\/SIH.0b013e3180315539","article-title":"The role of debriefing in simulation-based learning","volume":"2","author":"Fanning","year":"2007","journal-title":"Simul. Healthc."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1553-2712.2008.00248.x","article-title":"Debriefing as formative assessment: Closing performance gaps in medical education","volume":"15","author":"Rudolph","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acad. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1552-6909.2012.01374.x","article-title":"Debriefing as a strategic tool for performance improvement","volume":"41","author":"Corbett","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynecol. Neonatal Nurs."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-013-2951-7","article-title":"Debriefing to improve outcomes from critical illness: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"39","author":"Couper","year":"2013","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.168.10.1063","article-title":"Improving in-hospital cardiac arrest process and outcomes with performance debriefing","volume":"168","author":"Edelson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1688","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000000327","article-title":"Interdisciplinary ICU cardiac arrest debriefing improves survival outcomes","volume":"42","author":"Wolfe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.2147\/AMEP.S109099","article-title":"Neonatal resuscitation: Advances in training and practice","volume":"8","author":"Sawyer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Med. Educ. Pract."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.9745\/GHSP-D-18-00147","article-title":"Helping Babies Breathe, Second Edition: A Model for Strengthening Educational Programs to Increase Global Newborn Survival","volume":"6","author":"Thukral","year":"2018","journal-title":"Glob. Health Sci. Pract."},{"key":"ref_89","unstructured":"Neonatal Resuscitation Program (2021, September 23). Reference Chart. 8th Edition., Available online: https:\/\/shop.aap.org\/globalassets\/inriver\/resources\/11569-NRP339_rev052521_Lightbox.png."},{"key":"ref_90","first-page":"369","article-title":"Implementing Delivery Room Checklists and Communication Standards in a Multi-Neonatal ICU Quality Improvement Collaborative","volume":"42","author":"Bennett","year":"2016","journal-title":"Jt. Comm. J. Qual. Patient Saf."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2013.06.012","article-title":"Development of a strategic process using checklists to facilitate team preparation and improve communication during neonatal resuscitation","volume":"84","author":"Katheria","year":"2013","journal-title":"Resuscitation"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1378","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-0863","article-title":"Implementation methods for delivery room management: A quality improvement comparison study","volume":"134","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1111\/aas.13050","article-title":"Implementation and effectiveness of a video-based debriefing programme for neonatal resuscitation","volume":"62","author":"Calisch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100059","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resplu.2020.100059","article-title":"Use of briefing and debriefing in neonatal resuscitation, a scoping review","volume":"5","author":"Fawke","year":"2021","journal-title":"Resusc. Plus"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjqs.2010.043547","article-title":"Presenting video recordings of newborn resuscitations in debriefings for teamwork training","volume":"20","author":"Nadler","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMJ Qual. Saf."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F528","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2018-315648","article-title":"Benefits of recording and reviewing neonatal resuscitation: The providers\u2019 perspective","volume":"104","author":"Houtlosser","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.5409\/wjcp.v6.i1.69","article-title":"Video recording of neonatal resuscitation: A feasibility study to inform widespread adoption","volume":"6","author":"Shivananda","year":"2017","journal-title":"World J. Clin. Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1097\/SIH.0b013e3182578eae","article-title":"The effectiveness of video-assisted debriefing versus oral debriefing alone at improving neonatal resuscitation performance: A randomized trial","volume":"7","author":"Sawyer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Simul. Healthc."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gamboa, O.A., Agudelo, S.I., Maldonado, M.J., Leguizam\u00f3n, D.C., and Cala, S.M. (2018). Evaluation of two strategies for debriefing simulation in the development of skills for neonatal resuscitation: A randomized clinical trial. BMC Res. Notes, 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-018-3831-6"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1743496","DOI":"10.1080\/16549716.2020.1743496","article-title":"Adding video-debriefing to Helping-Babies-Breathe training enhanced retention of neonatal resuscitation knowledge and skills among health workers in Uganda: A cluster randomized trial","volume":"13","author":"Odongkara","year":"2020","journal-title":"Glob. Health Action"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resplu.2021.100119","article-title":"Using eye-tracking augmented cognitive task analysis to explore healthcare professionals\u2019 cognition during neonatal resuscitation","volume":"6","author":"Zehnder","year":"2021","journal-title":"Resusc. Plus"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1038\/jp.2016.42","article-title":"Post-event debriefings during neonatal care: Why are we not doing them, and how can we start?","volume":"36","author":"Sawyer","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1097\/SIH.0000000000000260","article-title":"The Call and the Challenge of Pediatric Resuscitation and Simulation Research in Low-Resource Settings","volume":"12","author":"Rule","year":"2017","journal-title":"Simul. Healthc."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raney, J.H., Medvedev, M.M., Cohen, S.R., Spindler, H., Ghosh, R., Christmas, A., Das, A., Gore, A., Mahapatra, T., and Walker, D. (2020). Training and evaluating simulation debriefers in low-resource settings: Lessons learned from Bihar, India. BMC Med. Educ., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-019-1906-2"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619035","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2021.619035","article-title":"Simulation-Based Education in the Training of Newborn Care Providers-A Malaysian Perspective","volume":"9","author":"Pong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1097\/SIH.0b013e318291d9ef","article-title":"It is time to consider cultural differences in debriefing","volume":"8","author":"Chung","year":"2013","journal-title":"Simul. Healthc."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hategeka, C., Mwai, L., and Tuyisenge, L. (2017). Implementing the Emergency Triage, Assessment and Treatment plus admission care (ETAT+) clinical practice guidelines to improve quality of hospital care in Rwandan district hospitals: Healthcare workers\u2019 perspectives on relevance and challenges. BMC Health Serv. Res., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-017-2193-4"},{"key":"ref_108","first-page":"1001","article-title":"Does Culture Eat Strategy in Debriefing? Which One Wins?","volume":"1","author":"Lateef","year":"2017","journal-title":"Glob. J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1097\/SIH.0000000000000323","article-title":"The Influence of Culture on Teamwork and Communication in a Simulation-Based Resuscitation Training at a Community Hospital in Honduras","volume":"13","author":"Perry","year":"2018","journal-title":"Simul. Healthc."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1097\/SIH.0000000000000445","article-title":"Sim for Life: Foundations-A Simulation Educator Training Course to Improve Debriefing Quality in a Low Resource Setting: A Pilot Study","volume":"15","author":"Robinson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Simul. Healthc."},{"key":"ref_111","unstructured":"Hofstede, G. (2001). Culture\u2019s Consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions, and Organizations across Nations, Sage Publications. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1097\/SIH.0000000000000320","article-title":"Cultural Prototypes and Differences in Simulation Debriefing","volume":"13","author":"Ulmer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Simul. Healthc."}],"container-title":["Children"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/8\/12\/1194\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:50:15Z","timestamp":1760169015000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/8\/12\/1194"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,16]]},"references-count":112,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["children8121194"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/children8121194","relation":{},"ISSN":["2227-9067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2227-9067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,16]]}}}