{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T10:49:18Z","timestamp":1790419758216,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,7]],"date-time":"2022-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644192000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hydrometrocolpos (HMC) is a rare condition where fluids or secretions accumulate in the vagina (hydrocolpos) or up to the uterus (hydrometrocolpos). This case series study reports three infants with different etiologies and presentations of HMC and aims to review literature for proper workup upon initial diagnosis. The first neonate antenatally presented with a huge cystic mass. HMC secondary to imperforate hymen was proved, and hymenotomy was performed at 2 days of age. The second participant presented with persistent urogenital sinus and hematopoietic chimerism, possibly due to transfusion from her twin brother via placenta anastomoses. At 2 months of corrected age, she had difficult defecating, and sonogram revealed HMC with normal appearance of uterus and ovaries. Regular follow-ups and surgical reconstruction will be conducted before puberty. The third patient had cloacal malformation and multiple congenital anomalies at birth. Vesicovaginal fistula-related HMC was detected and managed with surgical drainage in the neonate stage. The girl began menstruation with dysmenorrhea at 12 years. The image studies demonstrated hematometrocolpos secondary to left-side hemivaginal septum, uterine didelphy, and ipsilateral renal agenesis, indicating Herlyn\u2013Werner\u2013Wunderlich syndrome. HMC can be diagnosed easily via sonogram. Careful external genitalia examinations help to identify persistent urogenital sinus or cloacal malformation. Occasionally, the HMC may be part of syndrome manifestations or associated with sex chromosome anomalies. Clinicians may conduct surveillance of renal, cardiac, and skeletal systems as well as chromosome study for early diagnosis and management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children9020219","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,7]],"date-time":"2022-02-07T08:38:48Z","timestamp":1644223128000},"page":"219","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Hydrometrocolpos in Infants: Etiologies and Clinical Presentations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Mi-Chi","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Children\u2019s Medical Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan City 33305, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2025-5492","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yao-Lung","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan City 33305, Taiwan"},{"name":"College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3635-9651","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hsun-Chin","family":"Chao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Children\u2019s Medical Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan City 33305, Taiwan"},{"name":"College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s40477-013-0009-x","article-title":"Imperforate hymen causing congenital hydrometrocolpos","volume":"16","author":"Vitale","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. 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