{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T20:32:50Z","timestamp":1779395570935,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,18]],"date-time":"2022-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645142400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Else Kr\u00f6ner Fresenius Stiftung","award":["unknown"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["unknown"]}]},{"name":"Intramural Funding of the University Medical Center Mainz","award":["unknown"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["unknown"]}]},{"name":"Ernst- und Berte Grimmke Stiftung","award":["unknown"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["unknown"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Purpose: To determine whether prematurity and associated factors affect the anterior chamber angle (ACA) width in adulthood. Methods: The Gutenberg Prematurity Eye Study (GPES) is a retrospective cohort study with a prospective ophthalmologic examination of adults (age 18\u201352 years) in Germany. All participants were examined with Scheimpflug imaging (Pentacam HR, Oculus Optikger\u00e4te GmbH, Wetzlar, Germany) using linear regression analysis to assess the associations of ACA in the different sectors with gestational age (GA), birth weight, birth weight percentile, retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), ROP treatment, placental insufficiency, preeclampsia, and breastfeeding. Results: In total, 516 eyes of 319 preterm and full-term individuals (aged 28.9 \u00b1 8.8 years, 188 females) were examined. ROP treatment was associated with smaller ACA width in the nasal (B = \u22129.6 [95%CI: \u221214.7; \u22124.5] degree; p &lt; 0.001) and temporal positions (B = \u221211.5 [95%CI: \u221217.7; \u22125.3] degree; p = 0.001), whereas non-treated individuals with ROP had an unaltered ACA width, as did individuals with low gestational age without ROP. Conclusion: Advanced stages of ROP following treatment with laser- and cryocoagulation lead to a smaller ACA width until adulthood, and hence may increase the risk of angle closure in later life.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children9020281","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,21]],"date-time":"2022-02-21T08:14:46Z","timestamp":1645431286000},"page":"281","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Anterior Chamber Angle in Adults Born Extremely, Very, and Moderately Preterm with and without Retinopathy of Prematurity\u2014Results of the Gutenberg Prematurity Eye Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3867-2350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Achim","family":"Fie\u00df","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6052-3987","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra","family":"Gi\u00dfler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Mildenberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7906-9427","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael S.","family":"Urschitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Epidemiology, Institute for Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agnes","family":"Fauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heike M.","family":"Elflein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fred","family":"Zepp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernhard","family":"Stoffelns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norbert","family":"Pfeiffer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander K.","family":"Schuster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1907","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.02.040","article-title":"Visual acuity, optical components, and macular abnormalities in patients with a history of retinopathy of prematurity","volume":"119","author":"Wu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000001186","article-title":"Axial Length and Anterior Segment Alterations in Former Preterm Infants and Full-Term Neonates Analyzed With Scheimpflug Imaging","volume":"36","author":"Knuf","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5199","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.06-0114","article-title":"Ocular growth and refractive error development in premature infants with or without retinopathy of prematurity","volume":"49","author":"Cook","year":"2008","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fie\u00df, A., Schuster, A.K., Pfeiffer, N., and Nickels, S. (2017). Association of birth weight with corneal power in early adolescence: Results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999\u20132008. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0186723"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2018.7121","article-title":"Association of Low Birth Weight with Altered Corneal Geometry and Axial Length in Adulthood in the German Gutenberg Health Study","volume":"137","author":"Schuster","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3740","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.16-19600","article-title":"Distribution of Anterior Chamber Angle Width and Correlation With Age, Refraction, and Anterior Chamber Depth-The Gutenberg Health Study","volume":"57","author":"Schuster","year":"2016","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(90)32637-4","article-title":"Anterior segment evaluation of infants with retinopathy of prematurity","volume":"97","author":"Hartnett","year":"1990","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2017.04.010","article-title":"Anterior Chamber Angle and Anterior Segment Structure of Eyes in Children With Early Stages of Retinopathy of Prematurity","volume":"179","author":"Chang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2014.02.016","article-title":"Comparison of iridocorneal angle in infants with retinopathy of prematurity and healthy infants using spectral domain optical coherence tomography","volume":"18","author":"Giordano","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. AAPOS Off. Publ. Am. Assoc. Pediatric Ophthalmol. Strabismus\/Am. Assoc. Pediatric Ophthalmol. Strabismus"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.3928\/01913913-20140521-04","article-title":"Scheimpflug imaging for long-term evaluation of optical components in Hungarian children with a history of preterm birth","volume":"51","author":"Ecsedy","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pediatric Ophthalmol. Strabismus"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"86.e81","article-title":"Myopia and anterior segment optical coherence tomography findings in laser-treated retinopathy of prematurity eyes","volume":"24","author":"Lenis","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. AAPOS Off. Publ. Am. Assoc. Pediatric Ophthalmol. Strabismus\/Am. Assoc. Pediatric Ophthalmol. Strabismus"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-924458","article-title":"Analyse des Neugeborenenkollektivs der Bundesrepublik Deutschland 12. Mitteilung: Vorstellung engmaschiger Perzentilwerte (-kurven) f\u00fcr die K\u00f6rperma\u00dfe Neugeborener","volume":"66","author":"Voigt","year":"2006","journal-title":"Geburtsh Frauenheilk"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1957.00940010526005","article-title":"Width and pigmentation of the angle of the anterior chamber; a system of grading by gonioscopy","volume":"58","author":"Scheie","year":"1957","journal-title":"AMA Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"709","article-title":"The normal development of the human anterior chamber angle: A new system of descriptive grading","volume":"91","author":"Spaeth","year":"1971","journal-title":"Trans. Ophthalmol. Soc. U. K."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1985","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2013.05.034","article-title":"Evaluation of the anterior chamber angle in glaucoma: A report by the american academy of ophthalmology","volume":"120","author":"Smith","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(00)00527-3","article-title":"Does cryotherapy affect refractive error? Results from treated versus control eyes in the cryotherapy for retinopathy of prematurity trial","volume":"108","author":"Quinn","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1986.tb03873.x","article-title":"Temperature\u2014A factor in ocular development?","volume":"28","author":"Fielder","year":"1986","journal-title":"Dev. Med. Child Neurol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Senthil, S., Balijepalli, P., Mohamed, A., Rani, P.K., Nayak, S., Garudadri, C., Mandal, A.K., and Jalali, S. (2020). Management outcomes of secondary glaucoma due to retinopathy of prematurity: A 19-year prospective study at a tertiary eye care Institute. The Indian Twin cities ROP Screening (ITCROPS) database report number 8. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0238633"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2007.10.012","article-title":"Anterior chamber angle assessment techniques","volume":"53","author":"Friedman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Surv. Ophthalmol."}],"container-title":["Children"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/9\/2\/281\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:22:03Z","timestamp":1760134923000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/9\/2\/281"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,18]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["children9020281"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/children9020281","relation":{},"ISSN":["2227-9067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2227-9067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,18]]}}}