{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:53:20Z","timestamp":1760151200296,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,2]],"date-time":"2022-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646179200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Pediatricians and pediatric surgeons often face children with cardiomegaly and dilatative or hypertrophic cardiomyopathies presenting with or without symptoms. Some of these patients have already been diagnosed and received medication, and some present with completely unrelated pathologies. Methods: We performed a 4-year retrospective study on the causes and mechanisms of death of children with cardiac pathology who died outside the cardiology clinic of our hospital by studying the hospital charts and necropsy reports. All children who were in this situation in our hospital were included. Results: Most children in our study group were infants (81.82%), most were boys (81.82%), and in most cases, the cause or mechanism of death was unrelated to their heart condition, whether it had already been diagnosed or not (one case probably died as a result of a malignant ventricular arrhythmia). Additionally, 27.27% of children died as a consequence of bronchopneumonia, the same percentage died as a consequence of an acquired non-pulmonary disease or after surgery, and 18.18% died as a consequence of congenital malformations. Conclusions: Cardiac disease needs to be thoroughly investigated using multiple tools for all children presenting with heart failure symptoms, those with heart murmurs, and children scheduled for surgery of any type. The intensive care specialist and surgeon need to be aware of any heart pathology before non-cardiac surgical interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children9030335","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,2]],"date-time":"2022-03-02T08:37:16Z","timestamp":1646210236000},"page":"335","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Non-Cardiac Cause of Death in Selected Group Children with Cardiac Pathology: A Retrospective Single Institute Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4140-0492","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefana Maria","family":"Moisa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatrics Department, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9825-6711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ingrith Crenguta","family":"Miron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatrics Department, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3018-8011","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Tarca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatrics Department, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Trandafir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatrics Department, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2640-8795","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vasile Valeriu","family":"Lupu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatrics Department, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8147-3632","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ancuta","family":"Lupu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatrics Department, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tania Elena","family":"Rusu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher, 85200 Kalymnos, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20593","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000020593","article-title":"Incidence and mortality trend of congenital heart disease at the global, regional, and national level, 1990\u20132017","volume":"99","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healun.2007.11.567","article-title":"Pneumatic Paracorporeal Ventricular Assist Device in Infants and Children: Initial Stanford Experience","volume":"27","author":"Malaisrie","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Heart Lung Transplant."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6A","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(93)90455-A","article-title":"The epidemiology of heart failure: The Framingham Study","volume":"22","author":"Ho","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"607","article-title":"Underlying congenital heart disease in Nigerian children with pneumonia","volume":"13","author":"Sadoh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Afr. Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e014448","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.119.014448","article-title":"Sex, Survival, and Cardiomyopathy: Differences Between Men and Women with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy","volume":"8","author":"Siontis","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2012.07.003","article-title":"Sex and Gender Differences in Myocarditis and Dilated Cardiomyopathy","volume":"38","author":"Fairweather","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Probl. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjci\/jez178","article-title":"EACVI recommendations on Imaging in Dilated Cardiomyopathies","volume":"20","author":"Donal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.117.311812","article-title":"Cardiomyopathies: An overview","volume":"121","author":"Braunwald","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.309386","article-title":"Pediatric cardiomyopathies","volume":"121","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-7120-6-62","article-title":"Clinical utility of genetic tests for inherited hypertrophic and dilated cardiomyopathies","volume":"6","author":"Colombo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Ultrasound."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.2008.061655","article-title":"Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: Current understanding and treatment objectives","volume":"62","author":"Soor","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa021715","article-title":"The Incidence of Pediatric Cardiomyopathy in Two Regions of the United States","volume":"348","author":"Lipshultz","year":"2003","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa021737","article-title":"National Australian Childhood Cardiomyopathy Study. The epidemiology of childhood cardiomyopathy in Australia","volume":"348","author":"Nugent","year":"2003","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009291","article-title":"Epidemiology of idiopathic cardiomyopathies in children and adolescents: A nationwide study in Finland","volume":"146","author":"Arola","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1100\/tsw.2008.105","article-title":"Dilated Cardiomyopathy in Children and Adults: What is New?","volume":"8","author":"Elkilany","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sci. World J."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Canter, C.E., and Kirklin, J.K. (2008). Pediatric Heart Transplantation. ISHLT Monograph Series 2, Heart Diseases Leading to Pediatric Heart Transplantation: Cardiomyopathies and Congenital Heart Diseases, International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ppedcard.2014.10.003","article-title":"Genetic causes of dilated cardiomyopathy","volume":"37","author":"Mestroni","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prog. Pediatr. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.5114\/aoms.2017.68729","article-title":"Aronow. Management of cardiac hemochromatosis","volume":"14","author":"Wilbert","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-91-5-710","article-title":"Risk factors for doxorubicin-induced congestive heart failure","volume":"91","author":"Layard","year":"1979","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V68.5.1114.1114","article-title":"Cyclophosphamide cardiotoxicity: An analysis of dosing as a risk factor","volume":"68","author":"Goldberg","year":"1986","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.606509","article-title":"Presentation, patterns of myocardial damage, and clinical course of viral myocarditis","volume":"114","author":"Mahrholdt","year":"2006","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1007\/s00246-012-0468-4","article-title":"Parvovirus B19 myocarditis causes significant morbidity and mortality in children","volume":"34","author":"Molina","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatric Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.2008.059568","article-title":"Human herpes virus 6 in archival cardiac tissues from children with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy or congenital heart disease","volume":"62","author":"Comar","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e65","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.109.4.e65","article-title":"A rare presentation of childhood pompe disease: Cardiac involvement provoked by Epstein-barr virus infection","volume":"109","author":"Talsma","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2009.11.002","article-title":"Myocarditis in children and detection of viruses in myocardial tissue: Implications for immunosuppressive therapy","volume":"148","author":"Camargo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(03)00648-X","article-title":"Detection of viruses in myocardial tissues by polymerase chain reaction. Evidence of adenovirus as a common cause of myocarditis in children and adults","volume":"42","author":"Bowles","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2005.11.004","article-title":"Myocarditis and heart failure associated with hepatitis c virus infection","volume":"12","author":"Matsumori","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Card. Fail."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2010.01.004","article-title":"Fulminant myocarditis associated with pandemic H1N1 influenza a virus in children","volume":"55","author":"Bratincsak","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1007\/s12098-014-1481-9","article-title":"Cardiac manifestations in HIV infected children","volume":"82","author":"Singh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Indian J. Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2616","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehr165","article-title":"The management of myocarditis","volume":"32","author":"Schultheiss","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2009.11.006","article-title":"Myocarditis","volume":"52","author":"Blauwet","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.001372","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of myocarditis in children in the current era","volume":"129","author":"Canter","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"2586292","article-title":"Eosinophilic Myocarditis due to Toxocariasis: Not a Rare Cause","volume":"2016","author":"Shibazaki","year":"2016","journal-title":"Case Rep. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"48","article-title":"Acute pericarditis and myocarditis by Toxoplasma gondii in an immunocompetent young man: A case report","volume":"18","author":"Pergola","year":"2010","journal-title":"Infez. Med."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00054-09","article-title":"Cardiac involvement with parasitic infections","volume":"23","author":"Hidron","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S462","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2017-1074","article-title":"Histoplasmosis Myocarditis in an Immunocompetent Host After a Recreational Mud Run","volume":"141","author":"Briana","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"1413","article-title":"Sudden Death of a Teenager Caused by Actinomyces israelii: A Case Report","volume":"47","author":"Radu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Iran. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.4065\/79.11.1451","article-title":"Endocarditis Caused by Coccidioides Species","volume":"79","author":"Reuss","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2035","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.103.16.2035","article-title":"Preload induces troponin I degradation independently of myocardial ischemia","volume":"103","author":"Feng","year":"2001","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-7599.2009.00404.x","article-title":"Current understanding and management of dilated cardiomyopathy in Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy","volume":"21","author":"Kaspar","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Nurse Pract."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4330\/wjc.v11.i1.1","article-title":"Heart disease in Friedreich\u2019s ataxia","volume":"11","author":"Hanson","year":"2019","journal-title":"World J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-018-0560-3","article-title":"Early diagnosis and management of cardiac manifestations in mucopolysaccharidoses: A practical guide for paediatric and adult cardiologists","volume":"44","author":"Boffi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ital. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Linhart, A., Arad, M., Elliott, P., Caforio, A., Pantazis, A., and Adler, Y. (2021, December 21). ESC Working Group on Mocardial and Pericardial Diseases: Key Messages on Diagnosis and Management of Cardiac Manifestations in Anderson Fabry Disease and Glycogen Storage Diseases. Available online: https:\/\/www.escardio.org\/static-file\/Escardio\/Subspecialty\/Working%20Groups\/Myocardial%20and%20Pericardial%20Diseases\/y.%20Documents\/Booklet-WG-Diseases-Fabry&Glycogen.pdf."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2721","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(19)33327-3","article-title":"Pheocromocitoma induced cardiomyopathy","volume":"73","author":"Cryer","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.4103\/jpgm.JPGM_154_17","article-title":"Hypothyroidism-induced reversible dilated cardiomyopathy","volume":"64","author":"Rastogi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Postgrad. Med."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"47","article-title":"Graves\u2019 Thyrotoxicosis-Induced Reversible Cardiomyopathy: A Case Report","volume":"6","author":"Aljohani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Med. Insights Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.4103\/2230-8210.85605","article-title":"Hypoparathyroidism and reversible dilated cardiomyopathy","volume":"15","author":"Babu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Indian J. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.4330\/wjc.v6.i11.1149","article-title":"Infant with cardiomyopathy: When to suspect inborn errors of metabolism?","volume":"6","author":"Byers","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.14503\/THIJ-13-3849","article-title":"Anomalous Origin of the Left Coronary Artery from the Pulmonary Artery: Diagnoses and Surgical Results in 12 Pediatric Patients","volume":"42","author":"Tirado","year":"2015","journal-title":"Tex. Heart Inst. J."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000291","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2016-000291","article-title":"Cardiac involvement in adult and juvenile idiopathic inflammatory myopathies","volume":"2","author":"Schwartz","year":"2016","journal-title":"RMD Open"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-005-0123-z","article-title":"Systemic lupus erythematosus complicated by dilated cardiomyopathy and severe heart failure","volume":"26","author":"Usalan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.7199\/ped.oncall.2013.12","article-title":"Concomitant Rheumatic Fever and Dilated Cardiomyopathy: A Case Report","volume":"10","author":"Amritanshu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatric Oncall"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2009.04.102","article-title":"When children with Kawasaki disease grow up: Myocardial and vascular complications in adulthood","volume":"54","author":"Gordon","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1186\/ar1814","article-title":"Myocardial dysfunction in rheumatoid arthritis: Epidemiology and pathogenesis","volume":"7","author":"Giles","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2021.632293","article-title":"Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy in Children: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Non-sarcomeric Causes","volume":"9","author":"Monda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Law, M., Cohen, H., Martin, A., Angulski, A., and Metzger, J. (2020). Dysregulation of Calcium Handling in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy-Associated Dilated Cardiomyopathy: Mechanisms and Experimental Therapeutic Strategies. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9020520"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)62023-7","article-title":"Dilated cardiomyopathy","volume":"375","author":"Jefferies","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.671735","article-title":"New-onset heart failure due to heart muscle disease in childhood: A prospective study in the United Kingdom and Ireland","volume":"117","author":"Andrews","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"52","article-title":"The Tei index of myocardial performance. Aplications in cardiology","volume":"46","author":"Lakoumentas","year":"2005","journal-title":"Helenic. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"23","article-title":"Esentialul in Ecocardiografie","volume":"1","author":"Jurcut","year":"2005","journal-title":"Med. Anataeus"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e003450","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.116.003450","article-title":"Natural History of Dilated Cardiomyopathy in Children","volume":"5","author":"Puggia","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Asoc."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2760","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehn415","article-title":"Quantitative assessment of endomyocardial biopsy in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy\/dysplasia: An in vitro validation of diagnostic criteria","volume":"29","author":"Basso","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198210283071804","article-title":"Dilated cardiomyopathies of the adult (second of two parts)","volume":"307","author":"Johnson","year":"1982","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.07.725","article-title":"Ivabradine in children with dilated cardiomyopathy and symptomatic chronic heart failure","volume":"70","author":"Bonnet","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"3","article-title":"Dilated cardiomyopathy in childhood","volume":"2","author":"Franklin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Images Paediatr. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"243","article-title":"Histopathological Aspects of the Myocardium in Dilated Cardiomyopathy","volume":"44","author":"Mitrut","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Health Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1867","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.296.15.1867","article-title":"Incidence, causes, and outcomes of dilated cardiomyopathy in children","volume":"296","author":"Towbin","year":"2006","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e9","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000682","article-title":"Cardiomyopathy in Children: Classification and Diagnosis: A Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"140","author":"Lipshultz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.973826","article-title":"Pediatric Cardiomyopathy Registry Investigators. Competing risks for death and cardiac transplantation in children with dilated cardiomyopathy: Results from the Pediatric Cardiomyopathy Registry","volume":"124","author":"Alvarez","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2674","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.09.1100","article-title":"Outcomes in Pediatric Dilated Cardiomyopathy","volume":"70","author":"Weintraub","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.2217\/fca-2018-0030","article-title":"Dilated cardiomyopathy in a pediatric population: Etiology and outcome predictors\u2014A single-center experience","volume":"15","author":"Ciuca","year":"2019","journal-title":"Future Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"209","article-title":"Plurimalformative syndrome associating trisomy 18 and omhalocele. Case report and review of the literature","volume":"55","author":"Tarca","year":"2014","journal-title":"RJME"},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"1375","article-title":"Differential diagnosis difficulties related to infantile hemangioma- case report and literature review","volume":"60","author":"Tarca","year":"2019","journal-title":"RJME"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hfc.2010.05.004","article-title":"Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in childhood","volume":"6","author":"Steven","year":"2010","journal-title":"Heart Fail. Clin."}],"container-title":["Children"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/9\/3\/335\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:30:33Z","timestamp":1760135433000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/9\/3\/335"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,2]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}},"alternative-id":["children9030335"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/children9030335","relation":{},"ISSN":["2227-9067"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2227-9067"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,2]]}}}