{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T21:11:06Z","timestamp":1785532266575,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,4]],"date-time":"2022-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646352000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Purpose: To retrospectively compare the pleuropulmonary MDCT findings in children with pulmonary vein stenosis (PVS) and prematurity-related lung disease (PLD). Materials and Methods: All consecutive infants and young children (\u226418 years old) who underwent thoracic MDCT studies from July 2004 to November 2021 were categorized into two groups\u2014children with PVS (Group 1) and children with PLD without PVS (Group 2). Two pediatric radiologists independently evaluated thoracic MDCT studies for the presence of pleuropulmonary abnormalities as follows\u2014(1) in the lung (ground-glass opacity (GGO), triangular\/linear plaque-like opacity (TLO), consolidation, nodule, mass, cyst(s), interlobular septal thickening, and fibrosis); (2) in the airway (bronchial wall thickening and bronchiectasis); and (3) in the pleura (thickening, effusion, and pneumothorax). Interobserver agreement between the two reviewers was evaluated with the Kappa statistic. Results: There were a total of 103 pediatric patients (60 males (58.3%) and 43 females (41.7%); mean age, 1.7 years; range, 2 days\u20137 years). Among these 103 patients, 49 patients (47.6%) comprised Group 1 and the remaining 54 patients (52.4%) comprised Group 2. In Group 1, the observed pleuropulmonary MDCT abnormalities were\u2014pleural thickening (44\/49; 90%), GGO (39\/49; 80%), septal thickening (39\/49; 80%), consolidation (4\/49; 8%), and pleural effusion (1\/49; 2%). The pleuropulmonary MDCT abnormalities seen in Group 2 were\u2014GGO (45\/54; 83%), TLO (43\/54; 80%), bronchial wall thickening (33\/54; 61%), bronchiectasis (30\/54; 56%), cyst(s) (5\/54; 9%), pleural thickening (2\/54; 4%), and pleural effusion (2\/54; 4%). Septal thickening and pleural thickening were significantly more common in pediatric patients with PVS (Group 1) (p &lt; 0.001). TLO, bronchial wall thickening, and bronchiectasis were significantly more frequent in pediatric patients with PLD without PVS (Group 2) (p &lt; 0.001). There was high interobserver kappa agreement between the two independent reviewers for detecting pleuropulmonary abnormalities on thoracic MDCT angiography studies (k = 0.99). Conclusion: Pleuropulmonary abnormalities seen on thoracic MDCT can be helpful for distinguishing PVS from PLD in children. Specifically, the presence of septal thickening and pleural thickening raises the possibility of PVS, whereas the presence of TLO, bronchial wall thickening and bronchiectasis suggests PLD in the pediatric population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children9030355","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,6]],"date-time":"2022-03-06T20:35:50Z","timestamp":1646598950000},"page":"355","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Pleuropulmonary MDCT Findings: Comparison between Children with Pulmonary Vein Stenosis and Prematurity-Related Lung Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Abbey J.","family":"Winant","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara O.","family":"Vargas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8702-988X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kathy J.","family":"Jenkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0030-7013","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryan","family":"Callahan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vanessa","family":"Rameh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katie A.","family":"Krone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick R.","family":"Johnston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mirjam L.","family":"Keochakian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward Y.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.24848","article-title":"The many faces and outcomes of pulmonary vein stenosis in early childhood","volume":"56","author":"Humpl","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr. Pulmonol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2018.02.030","article-title":"Pulmonary vein stenosis in infants: A systemic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression","volume":"198","author":"Backes","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1528","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-021-01008-7","article-title":"Primary pulmonary vein stenosis during infancy: State of the art review","volume":"41","author":"Frank","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/s11886-020-01395-x","article-title":"Treatment of Congenital and Acquired Pulmonary Vein Stenosis","volume":"22","author":"Suntharos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Cardiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1965","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2020.10.013","article-title":"Pulmonary Vein Stenosis After Atrial Fibrillation Ablation: Insights from the ADVICE Trial","volume":"36","author":"Samuel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Can. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2016.06.014","article-title":"Pulmonary vein stenosis complicating radiofrequency catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation: A literature review","volume":"117","author":"Edriss","year":"2016","journal-title":"Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1571201","article-title":"Pulmonary Vein Stenosis in Neonates with Severe Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia","volume":"33","author":"Swier","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choi, C., Gauvreau, K., Levy, P., Callahan, R., Jenkins, K.J., and Chen, M. (2021). Longer Exposure to Left-to-Right Shunts Is a Risk Factor for Pulmonary Vein Stenosis in Patients with Trisomy 21. Children, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/children8010019"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0000000000000892","article-title":"Paucicellular fibrointimal proliferation characterizes pediatric pulmonary vein stenosis: Clinicopathologic analysis of 213 samples from 97 patients","volume":"41","author":"Kovach","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.2350\/15-07-1670-OA.1","article-title":"Lung Pathology in Pediatric Pulmonary Vein Stenosis","volume":"19","author":"Pogoriler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr. Dev. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1097\/RCT.0000000000000857","article-title":"Computed tomography angiography and magnetic resonance angiography of congenital anomalies of pulmonary veins","volume":"43","author":"Razek","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1928","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.2017170050","article-title":"Comprehensive Cross-sectional Imaging of the Pulmonary Veins","volume":"37","author":"Hassani","year":"2017","journal-title":"RadioGraphics"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.21037\/cdt.2018.03.03","article-title":"Post-operative imaging of pulmonary vessels","volume":"8","author":"Restrepo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diagn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rcl.2011.06.009","article-title":"Congenital Pulmonary Malformations in Pediatric Patients: Review and Update on Etiology, Classification, and Imaging Findings","volume":"49","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Radiol. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-013-2647-8","article-title":"Proximal pulmonary vein stenosis detection in pediatric patients: Value of multiplanar and 3-D VR imaging evaluation","volume":"43","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, E., Callahan, R., Vargas, S., Jenkins, K., Park, H., Gauthier, Z., and Winant, A. (2021). Extravascular MDCT Findings of Pulmonary Vein Stenosis in Children with Cardiac Septal Defect. Children, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/children8080667"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1097\/RTI.0000000000000590","article-title":"Thoracic multidetector computed tomography angiography of primary pulmonary vein stenosis in children: Evaluation of characteristic extravascular findings","volume":"36","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, E.Y., Vargas, S.O., Jenkins, K.J., Callahan, R., Park, H.J., Gauthier, Z., and Winant, A.J. (2021). Secondary Pulmonary Vein Stenosis Due to Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection Repair in Children: Extravascular MDCT Findings. Children, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/children8090726"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.17.19231","article-title":"Neonatal Lung Disorders: Pattern Recognition Approach to Diagnosis","volume":"210","author":"Liszewski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pulmoe.2020.05.010","article-title":"Pulmonary vein stenosis mimicking interstitial lung disease","volume":"27","author":"Carrico","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pulmonology"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2019.08.105","article-title":"Management outcomes of primary pulmonary vein stenosis","volume":"159","author":"Rosenblum","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"(2021, December 05). Preterm Labor and Birth: Condition Information, Available online: https:\/\/www.nichd.nih.gov\/health\/topics\/preterm\/conditioninfo\/default."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2462070712","article-title":"Fleischner Society: Glossary of Terms for Thoracic Imaging","volume":"246","author":"Hansell","year":"2008","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1097\/RCT.0b013e3181ed6450","article-title":"Streptococcus milleri group pleuropulmonary infection in children: Computed to-mography findings and clinical features","volume":"43","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"SAS Institute Inc (2015). SAS\/STAT\u00ae 14.1 User Guide, SAS Institute Inc."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2020.106101","article-title":"Lung imaging in bronchopulmonary dysplasia: A systematic review","volume":"171","author":"Vanhaverbeke","year":"2020","journal-title":"Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Lee, E.Y. (2019). Lung, Wolters Kluwer Press."}],"container-title":["Children"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/9\/3\/355\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:31:51Z","timestamp":1760135511000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/9\/3\/355"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,4]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}},"alternative-id":["children9030355"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/children9030355","relation":{},"ISSN":["2227-9067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2227-9067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,4]]}}}