{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T14:20:00Z","timestamp":1790864400191,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":156,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,9]],"date-time":"2022-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646784000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the General Research Fund (GRF), Research Grants Council, Hong Kong","award":["14111515 and 14103419"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["14111515 and 14103419"]}]},{"name":"Collaborative Research Fund","award":["C7149-20G"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C7149-20G"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005847","name":"Health and Medical Research Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5160836"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5160836"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005847","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the Direct Grants of the Chinese University of Hong Kong","award":["4054193 [LJC] and 4054121 & 4054199 [JCY]"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4054193 [LJC] and 4054121 & 4054199 [JCY]"]}]},{"name":"the UBS Optimus Foundation Grant","award":["8984"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["8984"]}]},{"name":"the Centaline Myopia Fund","award":["[JCY]"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["[JCY]"]}]},{"name":"the CUHK Jockey Club Children\u2019s Eye Care Programme","award":["[JCY]"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["[JCY]"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Myopia is the most common eye condition leading to visual impairment and is greatly influenced by genetics. Over the last two decades, more than 400 associated gene loci have been mapped for myopia and refractive errors via family linkage analyses, candidate gene studies, genome-wide association studies (GWAS), and next-generation sequencing (NGS). Lifestyle factors, such as excessive near work and short outdoor time, are the primary external factors affecting myopia onset and progression. Notably, besides becoming a global health issue, myopia is more prevalent and severe among East Asians than among Caucasians, especially individuals of Chinese, Japanese, and Korean ancestry. Myopia, especially high myopia, can be serious in consequences. The etiology of high myopia is complex. Prediction for progression of myopia to high myopia can help with prevention and early interventions. Prediction models are thus warranted for risk stratification. There have been vigorous investigations on molecular genetics and lifestyle factors to establish polygenic risk estimations for myopia. However, genes causing myopia have to be identified in order to shed light on pathogenesis and pathway mechanisms. This report aims to examine current evidence regarding (1) the genetic architecture of myopia; (2) currently associated myopia loci identified from the OMIM database, genetic association studies, and NGS studies; (3) gene-environment interactions; and (4) the prediction of myopia via polygenic risk scores (PRSs). The report also discusses various perspectives on myopia genetics and heredity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children9030382","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,9]],"date-time":"2022-03-09T11:30:38Z","timestamp":1646825438000},"page":"382","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Myopia Genetics and Heredity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Yu-Meng","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shi-Yao","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Guangzhou First People\u2019s Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiu-Juan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3500-5840","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Li-Jia","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chi-Pui","family":"Pang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2156-1486","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jason C.","family":"Yam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China"},{"name":"Hong Kong Eye Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1739","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60272-4","article-title":"Myopia","volume":"379","author":"Morgan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.2005.00298.x","article-title":"Myopia and associated pathological complications","volume":"25","author":"Saw","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol. 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