{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T14:15:22Z","timestamp":1792592122002,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,12]],"date-time":"2022-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649721600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Fetal growth restriction (FGR) increases the risk of intrauterine fetal death, infant death and complications in childhood, and diseases that appear in adulthood. Vitamin D may affect fetal vascular flow. The aim of the study was to check if the rate of fetal growth in pregnant women with FGR differs depending on whether the patient was supplemented with vitamin D in the recommended dose of 2000 IU, not supplemented at all, or supplemented with vitamin D in low doses. Methods: Patients were divided into two groups: suboptimal vitamin D dosage and an accurate dosage of 2000 IU. Fetal growth progress was observed for 14 days. Results: Fetal weight was higher at the beginning, after 1 and 2 weeks of observation in the optimal vit. D group compared with the suboptimal group. The analysis was adjusted to the mother\u2019s age, gestational week, and the number of pregnancies. Conclusions: Greater fetal weight gain can be observed in women with FGR (fetal growth restriction) who intake vitamin D at the recommended dose of 2000 IU compared with women with FGR and with a vitamin D intake dosage lower than 500 IU.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children9040549","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,12]],"date-time":"2022-04-12T21:15:35Z","timestamp":1649798135000},"page":"549","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on the Fetal Growth Rate in Pregnancy Complicated by Fetal Growth Restriction"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Karolina","family":"Jakubiec-Wisniewska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Perinatology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 23 Kopernika Street, 31-501 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hubert","family":"Huras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Perinatology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 23 Kopernika Street, 31-501 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7822-2434","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Kolak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Perinatology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 23 Kopernika Street, 31-501 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"255","article-title":"Wewn\u0105trzmaciczne ograniczenie wzrastania p\u0142odu (IUGR) jako problem kliniczny","volume":"3","author":"Wasiluk","year":"2010","journal-title":"Perinatol. Neonatol. Ginekol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gardosi, J., Madurasinghe, V., Williams, M., Malik, A., and Francis, A. (2013). Maternal and fetal risk factors for stillbirth: Population based study. BMJ, 346.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.f108"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"22","article-title":"Ocena stanu p\u0142odu w przypadkach wewn\u0105trzmacicznego ograniczenia wzrastania p\u0142odu (IUGR) oraz nadci\u015bnienia indukowanego ci\u0105\u017c\u0105 (PIH), w II i III trymestrze ci\u0105\u017cy\u2014Mo\u017cliwo\u015bci diagnostyczno-terapeutyczne","volume":"4","author":"Fuchs","year":"2011","journal-title":"Perinatol. Neonatol. Ginekol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kurjak, A., and Chervenak, F.A. (2006). Textbook of Perinatal Medicine, CRC Press. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.3109\/9781439814697"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"84","article-title":"Wewn\u0105trzmaciczne zahamowanie wzrostu","volume":"6","author":"William","year":"2002","journal-title":"Med. Dyplomie"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16809-8","article-title":"Infant wellbeing at 2 years of age in the Growth Restriction Intervention Trial (GRIT): Multicentred randomised controlled trial","volume":"364","author":"Thornton","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2010.09.019","article-title":"The Growth Restriction Intervention Trial: Long-term outcomes in a randomized trial of timing of delivery in fetal growth restriction","volume":"204","author":"Walker","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.8808","article-title":"Early fetal growth, PAPP-A and free \u03b2-hCG in relation to risk of delivering a small-for-gestational age infant","volume":"37","author":"Kirkegaard","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"10","article-title":"Ocena stanu zaopatrzenia w witamin\u0119 D w populacji os\u00f3b doros\u0142ych w Polsce","volume":"4","author":"Konstantynowicz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stand. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/137.2.447","article-title":"High Prevalence of Vitamin D Insufficiency in Black and White Pregnant Women Residing in the Northern United States and Their Neonates","volume":"137","author":"Bodnar","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/77.1.204","article-title":"Human serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol response to extended oral dosing with cholecalciferol","volume":"77","author":"Heaney","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.5603\/EP.2013.0012","article-title":"Practical guidelines for the supplementation of vitamin D and the treatment of deficits in Central Europe\u2014Recommended vitamin D intakes in the general population and groups at risk of vitamin D deficiency","volume":"64","author":"Karczmarewicz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Endokrynol. Pol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nu.04.070184.002425","article-title":"Vitamin D: Metabolism and biological actions","volume":"4","author":"Henry","year":"1984","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barrera, D., Avila, E., Hern\u00e1ndez, G., M\u00e9ndez, I., Gonz\u00e1lez, L., Halhali, A., Larrea, F., Morales, A., and D\u00edaz, L. (2008). Calcitriol affects hCG gene transcription in cultured human syncytiotrophoblasts. Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol., 6.","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7827-6-3"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2006.12.097","article-title":"Estradiol and progesterone synthesis in human placenta is stimulated by calcitriol","volume":"103","author":"Barrera","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Steroid. Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03350186","article-title":"Vitamin D and pancreatic islet function. II. Dynamics of insulin release and cationic fluxes","volume":"11","author":"Billaudel","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol. Investig."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.2.3.3280376","article-title":"The vitamin D story: A collaborative effort of basic science and clinical medicine 1","volume":"2","author":"Deluca","year":"1988","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1016\/S1701-2163(15)30865-3","article-title":"Intrauterine growth restriction: Screening, diagnosis, and management","volume":"35","author":"Lausman","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Can."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.109.119636","article-title":"Maternal Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentrations Are Associated with Small-for-Gestational Age Births in White Women","volume":"140","author":"Bodnar","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"33","article-title":"Children born with intra-uterine growth retardation (IUGR) or small for gestational age (SGA): Long term growth and metabolic consequences","volume":"34","author":"Chatelain","year":"2000","journal-title":"Endocr. Regul."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.86.5.707","article-title":"Impact of intrauterine growth retardation and body proportionality on fetal and neonatal outcome","volume":"86","author":"Kramer","year":"1990","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(00)70513-8","article-title":"Morbidity and mortality among very-low-birth-weight neonates with intrauterine growth restriction. The Vermont Oxford Network","volume":"182","author":"Bernstein","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"361","article-title":"Intrauterine growth restriction and risk for arterial hypertension: A causal relationship?","volume":"35","author":"Gortner","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. P\u00e9rinat. Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3016.1995.tb00168.x","article-title":"Low birthweight and the risk for mental retardation later in childhood","volume":"9","author":"Mervis","year":"1995","journal-title":"Paediatr. Perinat. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2003.233","article-title":"Impairment of fetal growth potential and neonatal encephalopathy","volume":"188","author":"Bukowski","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(98)70180-5","article-title":"Growth, and development of term children born with low birth weight: Effects of genetic and environmental factors","volume":"133","author":"Strauss","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F196","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2007.135095","article-title":"Intelligence of very preterm or very low birthweight infants in young adulthood","volume":"94","author":"Hille","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2052","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31823b473e","article-title":"Neurocognitive abilities in young adults with very low birth weight","volume":"77","author":"Pyhala","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F169","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2009.174433","article-title":"Two-year neurodevelopmental outcome of preterm born children \u2264750 g at birth","volume":"96","author":"Claas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.13431","article-title":"Maternal 25-hydroxyvitamin D level and fetal bone growth assessed by ultrasound: A systematic review","volume":"44","author":"Andersen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.5603\/GP.a2021.0034","article-title":"Pregnancy related and postpartum admissions to intensive care unit in the obstetric tertiary care center\u2014An 8-year retrospective study","volume":"92","author":"Krawczyk","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ginekol Pol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1017\/S000711451000022X","article-title":"Maternal early pregnancy vitamin D status in relation to fetal and neonatal growth: Results of the multi-ethnic Amsterdam Born Children and their Development cohort","volume":"104","author":"Leffelaar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.280.6216.751","article-title":"Vitamin D supplements in pregnant Asian women: Effects on calcium status and fetal growth","volume":"280","author":"Brooke","year":"1980","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.1041388","article-title":"Milk restriction and low maternal vitamin D intake during pregnancy are associated with decreased birth weight","volume":"174","author":"Mannion","year":"2006","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3016.2012.01283.x","article-title":"Vitamin D during pregnancy and maternal, neonatal and infant health outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"26","author":"Fawzi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Paediatr. Perinat. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"107","article-title":"Wewn\u0105trzmaciczne zahamowanie wzrastania p\u0142odu\u2014Schemat diagnostyczny i post\u0119powanie","volume":"1","author":"Huras","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gin. Perinat. Prakt."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(2013). ACOG Practice bulletin no. 134: Fetal growth restriction. Obstet. Gynecol., 121, 1122\u20131133.","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000429658.85846.f9"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0032-1322514","article-title":"Association of Maternal Vitamin D and Placenta Growth Factor with the Diagnosis of Early Onset Severe Preeclampsia","volume":"30","author":"Wagner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra070553","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency","volume":"357","author":"Holick","year":"2007","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03343702","article-title":"Sunlight exposure and vitamin D deficiency in Turkish women","volume":"23","author":"Shihadeh","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol. Investig."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2012.18","article-title":"Effects of 25OHD concentrations on chances of pregnancy and pregnancy outcomes: A cohort study in healthy Danish women","volume":"66","author":"Streym","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2011.07.029","article-title":"Spanish Vitamin D and Women\u2019s Health Research Group. First-trimester maternal serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D\u2083 status and pregnancy outcome","volume":"116","author":"Chedraui","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Gynaecol. Obstet."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Visser, H.K.A. (1979). Some of the Consequences of Intra-Uterine Growth Retardation. Nutrition and Metabolism of the Fetus and Infant, Springer. Fifth Nutricia Symposium.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-009-9318-1"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2341","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.463","article-title":"Vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy: Double-blind, randomized clinical trial of safety and effectiveness","volume":"26","author":"Hollis","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zerofsky, M., Jacoby, B., and Stephensen, C. (2014). A randomized controlled trial of vitamin D supplementation in pregnancy: Effects on vitamin D status and clinical outcomes (1041.5). FASEB J., 28.","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.28.1_supplement.1041.5"},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"1078","article-title":"First trimester maternal serum vitamin D and markers of preeclampsia","volume":"27","author":"Samaha","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Matern. Neonatal Med."}],"container-title":["Children"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/9\/4\/549\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:52:36Z","timestamp":1760136756000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/9\/4\/549"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,12]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]}},"alternative-id":["children9040549"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/children9040549","relation":{},"ISSN":["2227-9067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2227-9067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,12]]}}}