{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T20:47:03Z","timestamp":1792097223516,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":111,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,20]],"date-time":"2022-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650412800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Language disorders are highly heritable and are influenced by complex interactions between genetic and environmental factors. Despite more than twenty years of research, we still lack critical understanding of the biological underpinnings of language. This review provides an overview of the genetic landscape of developmental language disorders (DLD), with an emphasis on the importance of defining the specific features (the phenotype) of DLD to inform gene discovery. We review the specific phenotype of DLD in the genetic literature, and the influence of historic variation in diagnostic inclusion criteria on researchers\u2019 ability to compare and replicate genotype\u2013phenotype studies. This review provides an overview of the recently identified gene pathways in populations with DLD and explores current state-of-the-art approaches to genetic analysis based on the hypothesised architecture of DLD. We will show how recent global efforts to unify diagnostic criteria have vastly increased sample size and allow for large multi-cohort metanalyses, leading the identification of a growing number of contributory loci. We emphasise the important role of estimating the genetic architecture of DLD to decipher underlying genetic associations. Finally, we explore the potential for epigenetics and environmental interactions to further unravel the biological basis of language disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children9050586","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,21]],"date-time":"2022-04-21T01:55:51Z","timestamp":1650506151000},"page":"586","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["The Genetic and Molecular Basis of Developmental Language Disorder: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7663-6326","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hayley S.","family":"Mountford","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruth","family":"Braden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Murdoch Children\u2019s Research Institute, Royal Children\u2019s Hospital, Melbourne 3052, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9557-268X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dianne F.","family":"Newbury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1147-7405","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angela T.","family":"Morgan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Murdoch Children\u2019s Research Institute, Royal Children\u2019s Hospital, Melbourne 3052, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12573","article-title":"The impact of nonverbal ability on prevalence and clinical presentation of language disorder: Evidence from a population study","volume":"57","author":"Norbury","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. 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