{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T15:50:02Z","timestamp":1771602602007,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,18]],"date-time":"2022-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652832000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Healthcare providers encounter varying languages every day in patient care. The goal of this study was to examine whether a difference exists in pain scoring and treatment amongst pediatric patients whose families\u2019 primary language was not English. We hypothesized that patients of both Arabic-speaking (AS) and Spanish-speaking (SS) backgrounds received higher pain scores and higher daily opioid equivalents (OEs) postoperatively compared to English-speaking (ES) patients. Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study of patients undergoing surgery for treatment of various esophageal and airway disorders from 2014 to 2019. Records were queried for patients undergoing thoracotomies for treatment of esophageal and airway disorders. Analysis was focused on the three most common languages in this selected population: English, Arabic, and Spanish. Propensity score matching was utilized for comparisons of pain scores between AS, SS, and ES patient groups. Primary outcomes were opioid equivalents (OEs) and pain scores postoperatively. Multivariable median regression analysis was used to perform an adjusted comparison of pain scores as well as OEs. Results: A total of 610 patient encounters were included in our analysis. In propensity matched analysis, there were no significant differences in OEs between all groups postoperatively. However, statistically significant higher pain scores were reported in the ES group matched AS groups. Conclusions: Language differences did not lead to difference in pain assessment and treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children9050739","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,18]],"date-time":"2022-05-18T03:20:43Z","timestamp":1652844043000},"page":"739","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Impact of Parental Primary Spoken Language on Postoperative Pain Management in Children, a Retrospective Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4314-8975","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert E.","family":"Shaw","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Anesthesia, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53792, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7588-7596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven J.","family":"Staffa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Viviane G.","family":"Nasr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cynthia","family":"Tung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Ford, B. (2022, April 05). This Local Hospital Is Making an International Impact, Boston Globe. Available online: https:\/\/sponsored.bostonglobe.com\/bostonchildrens\/international-care\/."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"US Census Bureau (2021, April 04). Census Bureau Reports at Least 350 Languages Spoken in U.S. Homes, The United States Census Bureau, Available online:www.census.gov\/newsroom\/press-releases\/2015\/cb15-185.html."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Boston Planning & Development Agency, Research Division (2019). Demographic Profile of Adult Limited English Speakers in Massachusetts, Boston Planning & Development Agency, Research Division."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1111\/pan.13363","article-title":"Inclusion of non-English-speaking patients in research: A single institution experience","volume":"28","author":"Bernier","year":"2018","journal-title":"Paediatr. 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Analg."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2015.1915","article-title":"Racial Disparities in Pain Management of Children with Appendicitis in Emergency Departments","volume":"169","author":"Goyal","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.2217\/pmt.12.7","article-title":"Ethnic differences in pain and pain management","volume":"2","author":"Campbell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pain Manag."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(01)00408-0","article-title":"Race, ethnicity and pain","volume":"94","author":"Edwards","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2005.05017.x","article-title":"The unequal burden of pain: Confronting racial and ethnic disparities in pain","volume":"6","author":"Green","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pain Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2006.12.016","article-title":"Ethnic identity predicts experimental pain sensitivity in African Americans and Hispanics","volume":"129","author":"Riley","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1136\/emj.18.3.205","article-title":"The minimum clinically significant difference in visual analogue scale pain score does not differ with severity of pain","volume":"18","author":"Kelly","year":"2001","journal-title":"Emerg. 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Surg."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adnc.2004.04.005","article-title":"A systematic integrative review of infant pain assessment tools","volume":"4","author":"Duhn","year":"2004","journal-title":"Adv. Neonatal. Care"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2018.02.013","article-title":"The Psychometric Properties of the FLACC Scale Used to Assess Procedural Pain","volume":"19","author":"Crellin","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pain"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Psychosocial Aspects of Child Family Health, and American Pain Society Task Force on Pain in Infants Children Adolescents (2001). The assessment and management of acute pain in infants, children, and adolescents. Pediatrics, 108, 793\u2013797.","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.108.3.793"}],"container-title":["Children"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/9\/5\/739\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:13:52Z","timestamp":1760138032000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/9\/5\/739"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,18]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]}},"alternative-id":["children9050739"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/children9050739","relation":{},"ISSN":["2227-9067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2227-9067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,18]]}}}