{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T10:18:03Z","timestamp":1771064283876,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,25]],"date-time":"2022-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653436800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Thailand Research Fund","award":["RSA 5580008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RSA 5580008"]}]},{"name":"Thailand Research Fund","award":["HSRI 63-100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HSRI 63-100"]}]},{"name":"Health System Research Institute (Thailand)","award":["RSA 5580008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RSA 5580008"]}]},{"name":"Health System Research Institute (Thailand)","award":["HSRI 63-100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HSRI 63-100"]}]},{"name":"Chiang Mai University","award":["RSA 5580008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RSA 5580008"]}]},{"name":"Chiang Mai University","award":["HSRI 63-100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HSRI 63-100"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We examined the long-term health outcomes associated with being born small for gestational age (SGA) or large for gestational age (LGA). A total of 632 young adults aged \u224820.6 years were recruited from a longitudinal study (Chiang Mai, Thailand) in 2010: 473 born appropriate for gestational age (AGA), 142 SGA, and 17 LGA. The clinical assessments included anthropometry, blood pressure (BP), lipid profile, and an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Young adults born SGA were 1.8 and 3.2 cm shorter than AGA (p = 0.0006) and LGA (p = 0.019) participants, respectively. The incidence of short stature was 8% among SGA compared with 3% in AGA and no cases among LGA participants, with the adjusted relative risk (aRR) of short stature among SGA 2.70 times higher than that of AGA counterparts (p = 0.013). SGA participants also had a 2 h glucose 7% higher than that of the AGA group (105 vs. 99 mg\/dL; p = 0.006). Young adults born LGA had a BMI greater by 2.42 kg\/m2 (p = 0.025) and 2.11 kg\/m2 (p = 0.040) than those of SGA and AGA, respectively. Thus, the rate of overweight\/obesity was 35% in the LGA group compared with 14.2% and 16.6% of SGA and AGA groups, respectively, with corresponding aRR of overweight\/obesity of 2.95 (p = 0.011) and 2.50 (p = 0.017), respectively. LGA participants had markedly higher rates of BP abnormalities (prehypertension and\/or hypertension) with an aRR of systolic BP abnormalities of 2.30 (p = 0.023) and 2.79 (p = 0.003) compared with SGA and AGA groups, respectively. Thai young adults born SGA had an increased risk of short stature and displayed some impairment in glucose metabolism. In contrast, those born LGA were at an increased risk of overweight\/obesity and elevated blood pressure. The long-term follow-up of this cohort is important to ascertain whether these early abnormalities accentuate over time, leading to overt cardiometabolic conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children9060779","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,25]],"date-time":"2022-05-25T08:41:33Z","timestamp":1653468093000},"page":"779","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Long-Term Health Associated with Small and Large for Gestational Age Births among Young Thai Adults"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4711-4999","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alisha","family":"Suhag","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Healthy Lifespan Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK"},{"name":"School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8975-6677","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amaraporn","family":"Rerkasem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2572-0704","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kanokwan","family":"Kulprachakarn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wason","family":"Parklak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4206-9164","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chaisiri","family":"Angkurawaranon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kittipan","family":"Rerkasem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1226-1956","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 G. B.","family":"Derraik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics: Child and Youth Health, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand"},{"name":"Department of Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Health, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden"},{"name":"Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beaumont, R.N., Kotecha, S.J., Wood, A.R., Knight, B.A., Sebert, S., McCarthy, M.I., Hattersley, A.T., J\u00e4rvelin, M.-R., Timpson, N.J., and Freathy, R.M. (2020). Common maternal and fetal genetic variants show expected polygenic effects on risk of small-or large-for-gestational-age (SGA or LGA), except in the smallest 3% of babies. PLoS Genet., 16.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.03.25.005660"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11883-020-0829-z","article-title":"Birth weight and risk of cardiovascular disease incidence in adulthood: A dose-response meta-analysis","volume":"22","author":"Mohseni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Atheroscler. Rep."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3144","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.3144","article-title":"Birth weight and risk of type 2 diabetes: A dose-response meta-analysis of cohort studies","volume":"35","author":"Tian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes\/Metab. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2021.02.004","article-title":"Short- and long-term implications of small for gestational age","volume":"48","author":"Fung","year":"2021","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1929","DOI":"10.1111\/jog.14787","article-title":"Macrosomia and large for gestational age in Asia: One size does not fit all","volume":"47","author":"Harvey","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Obstetr. Gynaecol. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goldstein, R.F., Abell, S.K., Ranasinha, S., Misso, M.L., Boyle, J.A., Harrison, C.L., Black, M.H., Li, N., Hu, G., and Corrado, F. (2018). Gestational weight gain across continents and ethnicity: Systematic review and meta-analysis of maternal and infant outcomes in more than one million women. BMC Med., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-018-1128-1"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2542","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.115.216374","article-title":"Short maternal stature increases the risk of small-for-gestational-age and preterm births in low- and middle-income countries: Individual participant data meta-analysis and population attributable fraction","volume":"145","author":"Kozuki","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980016000276","article-title":"Prevalence and trends in the childhood dual burden of malnutrition in low-and middle-income countries, 1990\u20132012","volume":"19","author":"Tzioumis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.4274\/Jcrpe.1108","article-title":"Relationship between total body adiposity assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, birth weight and metabolic syndrome in young Thai adults","volume":"5","author":"Namwongprom","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Res. Pediatr. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"World Medical Association (2013). World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: Ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. JAMA, 310, 2191\u20132194.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.281053"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rerkasem, K., Rattanatanyong, P., Rerkasem, A., Wongthanee, A., Rungruengthanakit, K., Mangklabruks, A., and Mutirangura, A. (2015). Higher Alu methylation levels in catch-up growth in twenty-year-old offsprings. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0120032"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Chiang Mai Low Birth Weight Study Group (2012). The risk factors of low birth weight infants in the northern part of Thailand. J. Med. Assoc. Thail., 95, 358\u2013365."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10201","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-89438-3","article-title":"Caesarean delivery is associated with increased blood pressure in young adult offspring","volume":"11","author":"Rerkasem","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60932-6","article-title":"International standards for newborn weight.; length.; and head circumference by gestational age and sex: The Newborn Cross-Sectional Study of the INTERGROWTH-21st Project","volume":"384","author":"Villar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2010.113043","article-title":"Secular changes and predictors of adult height for 86 105 male and female members of the Thai Cohort Study born between 1940 and 1990","volume":"66","author":"Jordan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Community Health"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.27.6.1487","article-title":"Use and abuse of HOMA modeling","volume":"27","author":"Wallace","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1097\/01.hjh.0000431740.32696.cc","article-title":"2013 ESH\/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)","volume":"31","author":"Mancia","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Hypert."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heazell, A., Norwitz, E., Kenny, L., and Baker, P. (2010). Management of isolated hypertension in pregnancy. Hypertension in Pregnancy, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511902529"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e3181f3a1f9","article-title":"Maternal pregnancy-related hypertension and risk for hypertension in offspring later in life","volume":"116","author":"Palmsten","year":"2010","journal-title":"Obstetr. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199001000-00010","article-title":"No adjustments are needed for multiple comparisons","volume":"1","author":"Rothman","year":"1990","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"15","article-title":"Children born small for gestational age (SGA) who fail to achieve catch up growth by 2\u20138 years of age are short from infancy to adulthood: Data from a cross-sectional study of 486 Spanish children","volume":"4","author":"Carrascosa","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatr. Endocrinol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2006-0039","article-title":"Small for gestational age: Short stature and beyond","volume":"28","author":"Saenger","year":"2007","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1159\/000289570","article-title":"Height at start, first-year growth response and cause of shortness at birth are major determinants of adult height outcomes of short children born small for gestational age and Silver-Russell syndrome treated with growth hormone: Analysis of data from KIGS","volume":"74","author":"Ranke","year":"2010","journal-title":"Horm. Res. Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmy091","article-title":"Catch-up growth in full-term small for gestational age infants: A systematic review","volume":"10","author":"Campisi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199806000-00015","article-title":"Prediction factors in the determination of final height in subjects born small for gestational age","volume":"43","author":"Leger","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1159\/000079709","article-title":"Adult height distribution in subjects born small for gestational age","volume":"62","author":"Jaquet","year":"2004","journal-title":"Horm. Res. Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/1687-9856-2013-19","article-title":"Towards identification of molecular mechanisms of short stature","volume":"2013","author":"Waldman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Pediatr. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.315.7104.341","article-title":"Reduced final height and indications for insulin resistance in 20 year olds born small for gestational age: Regional cohort study","volume":"315","author":"Leger","year":"1997","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2004.02171.x","article-title":"Reduced insulin sensitivity and the presence of cardiovascular risk factors in short prepubertal children born small for gestational age (SGA)","volume":"62","author":"Arends","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1515\/jpem-2013-0292","article-title":"Insulin resistance in young adults born small for gestational age (SGA)","volume":"27","author":"Putzker","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-5491.2003.00871.x","article-title":"Is birth weight related to later glucose and insulin metabolism?\u2014A systematic review","volume":"20","author":"Newsome","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diabet. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2157","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-58827-5","article-title":"Large-for-gestational-age phenotypes and obesity risk in adulthood: A study of 195,936 women","volume":"10","author":"Derraik","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.22689","article-title":"Birth weight and the risk of overweight in young men born at term","volume":"27","author":"Eriksen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Biol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0801602","article-title":"Size at birth, childhood growth and obesity in adult life","volume":"25","author":"Eriksson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schellong, K., Schulz, S., Harder, T., and Plagemann, A. (2012). Birth weight and long-term overweight risk: Systematic review and a meta-analysis including 643,902 persons from 66 studies and 26 countries globally. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0047776"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-789X.2011.00867.x","article-title":"Birth weight and subsequent risk of obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Yu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-012-1701-0","article-title":"Birth weight and overweight\/obesity in adults: A meta-analysis","volume":"171","author":"Zhao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3505","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-031046","article-title":"Obesity and pregnancy\u2014The propagation of a viscous cycle?","volume":"88","author":"Catalano","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocr. Metabol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-016-1372-0","article-title":"Associations between high birth weight, being large for gestational age, and high blood pressure among adolescents: A cross-sectional study","volume":"57","author":"Kuciene","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acvd.2011.10.006","article-title":"Birth weight and subsequent blood pressure: A meta-analysis","volume":"105","author":"Mu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2060","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2021.1999491","article-title":"Birth weight for gestational age and later cardiovascular health: A comparison between longitudinal Finnish and indigenous Australian cohorts","volume":"53","author":"Pahkala","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Med."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.45.244.755","article-title":"Standards for children\u2019s height at ages 2\u20139 years allowing for height of parents","volume":"45","author":"Tanner","year":"1970","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1754.2008.01397.x","article-title":"Proposed new target height equations for use in Australian growth clinics","volume":"44","author":"Hughes","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Paediatr. Child. Health"}],"container-title":["Children"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/9\/6\/779\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:18:32Z","timestamp":1760138312000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/9\/6\/779"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,25]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]}},"alternative-id":["children9060779"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/children9060779","relation":{},"ISSN":["2227-9067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2227-9067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,25]]}}}