{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T19:53:02Z","timestamp":1792612382143,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,6]],"date-time":"2022-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654473600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The relationship between vision and academic performance has been discussed for a long time, with special emphasis on visual factors associated with learning problems. The objective of this pilot study is to obtain an initial idea about the evolution and the impact of refractive errors on school-aged children. A visual examination was performed on 252 children between the ages of 6 and 11 years, which consisted of objective refraction, subjective refraction, and accommodative and binocular tests. No significant differences were observed regarding the refractive state when taking academic performance into account (p &gt; 0.05). However, it was determined that academic performance was better among children with a negative spherical equivalent. Studies with a larger sample size must be conducted to verify the results that were attained in this present pilot study, and these must likewise look at possible ways in which strategies can be implemented in schools to reduce myopia progression.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children9060840","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,6]],"date-time":"2022-06-06T10:08:24Z","timestamp":1654510104000},"page":"840","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["The Evolution and the Impact of Refractive Errors on Academic Performance: A Pilot Study of Portuguese School-Aged Children"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0996-5007","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clara","family":"Martinez-Perez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ISEC LISBOA\u2014Instituto Superior de Educa\u00e7\u00e3o e Ci\u00eancias, 1750-179 Lisbon, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1097-4581","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Alvarez-Peregrina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optometry and Vision, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28037 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2393-2092","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rita","family":"Brito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISEC LISBOA\u2014Instituto Superior de Educa\u00e7\u00e3o e Ci\u00eancias, 1750-179 Lisbon, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2583-1789","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Tena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISEC LISBOA\u2014Instituto Superior de Educa\u00e7\u00e3o e Ci\u00eancias, 1750-179 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Optometry and Vision, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28037 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Grupo de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Optovis\u00e3o ISEC Lisboa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcma.2016.02.011","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors for myopia in second-grade primary school children in Taipei: A population-based study","volume":"79","author":"Hsu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. 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