{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:00:16Z","timestamp":1792789216322,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,11]],"date-time":"2022-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654905600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Emili Sagol Creative Arts Therapies Research Center (CATRC)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Child abuse is a worldwide phenomenon with adverse short- and long-term mental and physical negative consequences, with a huge gap between the prevalence of child abuse and disclosure rates. The study aimed to examine and validate the self-figure drawing as an assessment tool to differentiate between three forms of child abuse, i.e., child sexual abuse (CSA), child physical abuse (CPA), and child emotional abuse (CEA). Following the ethical approval, 1707 Thai children (13\u201318 years old) from the general population (schools) were asked to complete a self-report anonymous questionnaire consisting of four measures (Demographics, Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), The Medical Somatic Dissociation Questionnaire (MSDQ), and The Disclosure of Trauma Questionnaire (DTQ)). After completion, they were asked to draw themselves. There was a significantly positive link between the reluctance to disclose and the experience of abuse, indicating that the more severe the abuse the higher the reluctance to disclose. The findings broaden the knowledge of movement and symbols as representations of inner personal conflictual material. Additionally, it substantiates self-figure drawing as an assessment tool and assists practitioners in early child abuse detection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children9060868","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,11]],"date-time":"2022-06-11T09:33:26Z","timestamp":1654940006000},"page":"868","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Use of Self-Figure Drawing as an Assessment Tool for Child Abuse: Differentiating between Sexual, Physical, and Emotional Abuse"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1979-9708","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nisara","family":"Jaroenkajornkij","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Creative Arts Therapies, University of Haifa, 199 Aba Khoushy Av., Haifa 3498838, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5024-6891","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachel","family":"Lev-Wiesel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Emili Sagol Research Center for Creative Arts Therapies, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel"},{"name":"Social Work, Tel Hai College, Qiryat Shemona 1220800, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bussakorn","family":"Binson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Fine and Applied Arts, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61706-7","article-title":"Burden and Consequences of Child Maltreatment in High-Income Countries","volume":"373","author":"Gilbert","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2018.02.010","article-title":"Willingness to Disclose Child Maltreatment: CSA Vs Other Forms of Child Abuse in Relation to Gender","volume":"79","author":"First","year":"2018","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1037\/0002-9432.71.3.332","article-title":"Variables in Delayed Disclosure of Childhood Sexual Abuse","volume":"71","author":"Somer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthopsychiatry"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-0852(200001\/02)9:1<6::AID-CAR579>3.0.CO;2-W","article-title":"Multi-type maltreatment and the long-term adjustment of adults","volume":"9","author":"Higgins","year":"2000","journal-title":"Child Abuse Rev."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1192\/bja.2021.10","article-title":"The impact of child maltreatment on the mental and physical health of child victims: A review of the evidence","volume":"28","author":"Vizard","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bjpsych Adv."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1111\/cfs.12268","article-title":"Patterns and correlates of co-occurrence among multiple types of child maltreatment","volume":"22","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Child Fam. Soc. Work"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/jpr.12312","article-title":"Emotional Abuse Questionnaire (EAQ): A New Scale for Measuring Emotional Abuse and Psychological Maltreatment 1","volume":"64","author":"Momtaz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Jpn. Psychol. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260514564155","article-title":"Abuse characteristics and individual differences related to disclosing childhood sexual, physical, and emotional abuse and witnessed domestic violence","volume":"31","author":"Bottoms","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Interpers. Violence"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"3888","article-title":"Reluctance versus urge to disclose child maltreatment: The impact of multi-type maltreatment","volume":"34","author":"First","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Interpers. Violence"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.00848","article-title":"Recovery of Repressed Memories in Fibromyalgia Patients Treated with Hyperbaric Oxygen\u2014Case Series Presentation and Suggested Bio-Psycho-Social Mechanism","volume":"9","author":"Efrati","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"106","article-title":"The use of the Machover Draw-A-Person test in detecting adult survivors of sexual abuse: A pilot study","volume":"37","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Art Ther."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Machover, K.A. (1949). Personality Projection in the Drawing of the Human Figure: A Method of Personality Investigation, Charles C. Thomas.","DOI":"10.1037\/11147-000"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Krug, E.G., Dahlberg, L.L., Mercy, J.A., Zwi, A.B., and Lozano, R. (2021, April 12). World Report on Violence and Health. Available online: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/42495\/9241545615_eng.pdf?sequence=1."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(19)30286-X","article-title":"Long-Term Outcomes of Childhood Sexual Abuse: An Umbrella Review","volume":"6","author":"Hailes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104148","article-title":"Pathways from Childhood Sexual Abuse to Trait Anxiety","volume":"97","year":"2019","journal-title":"Child Abus. Negl."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.5603\/GP.a2018.0009","article-title":"Child Sexual Abuse as an Etiological Factor of Overweight and Eating Disorders\u2014Considerations for Primary Health Care Providers","volume":"89","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ginekol. Pol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1177\/0706743719861387","article-title":"Child Sexual Abuse among a Representative Sample of Quebec High School Students: Prevalence and Association with Mental Health Problems and Health-Risk Behaviors","volume":"64","author":"Blais","year":"2019","journal-title":"Can. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Shail, E., Hassan, A., Aldowaish, A., and Katt, H. (2012). The Cultural Reinforcers of Child Abuse. Child Abuse and Neglect\u2014A Multidimensional Approach, InTech.","DOI":"10.5772\/50693"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"e3869","article-title":"Hidden Behind Dental Trauma: Child Physical Abuse?","volume":"18","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pesqui. Bras. Odontopediatria Clin. Integr."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.21608\/ejhc.2020.74779","article-title":"Physical Abuse among Primary School Children","volume":"11","year":"2020","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Health Care"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.5457\/p2005-114.275","article-title":"Consequences of Child Abuse and Neglect","volume":"16","author":"Dodaj","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cent. Eur. J. Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2011.08.002","article-title":"How to Deal with Emotional Abuse and Neglect\u2014Further Development of a Conceptual Framework (FRAMEA)","volume":"35","author":"Glaser","year":"2011","journal-title":"Child Abus. Negl."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1080\/10926771.2018.1525461","article-title":"\u201cMy Reality Is Just Different from Yours, That Doesn\u2019t Mean I\u2019m Crazy.\u201d Exploring the Impact of Childhood Emotional Abuse on Adult Emotional Adjustment","volume":"29","author":"Newton","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Aggress. Maltreat. Trauma"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104253","article-title":"Linking Childhood Emotional Abuse and Adult Depressive Symptoms: The Role of Mentalizing Incapacity","volume":"99","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Child Abus. Negl."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.4828","article-title":"Childhood Abuse and Late-Life Depression: Mediating Effects of Psychosocial Factors for Early- and Late-Onset Depression","volume":"33","author":"Wielaard","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0000000000000399","article-title":"Childhood Adversity and Pain Sensitization","volume":"78","author":"You","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychosom. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Merrill, K.G., Campbell, J.C., Decker, M.R., McGready, J., Burke, V.M., Mwansa, J.K., Miti, S., Frimpong, C., Kennedy, C.E., and Denison, J.A. (2020). Prevalence of Physical and Sexual Violence and Psychological Abuse among Adolescents and Young Adults Living with HIV in Zambia. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0235203"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2016.05.001","article-title":"Experience by Children and Adolescents of More than One Type of Maltreatment: Association of Different Classes of Maltreatment Profiles with Clinical Outcome Variables","volume":"57","author":"Witt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Child Abus. Negl."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mwakanyamale, A.A., Wande, D.P., and Yizhen, Y. (2018). Multi-Type Child Maltreatment: Prevalence and Its Relationship with Self-Esteem among Secondary School Students in Tanzania. BMC Psychol., 6.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-018-0244-1"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104171","article-title":"Associations between Childhood Maltreatment Latent Classes and Eating Disorder Symptoms in a Nationally Representative Sample of Young Adults in the United States","volume":"98","author":"Hazzard","year":"2019","journal-title":"Child Abus. Negl."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"2013","article-title":"Effects of Abuse and Neglect on Adolescents in Kirkuk City","volume":"11","author":"Mahmood","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J. Public. Health. Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"27","article-title":"Brain Changes in Magnetic Resonance Imaging Caused by Child Abuse: A Systematic Literature Review","volume":"27","year":"2021","journal-title":"SSRN Electron. J."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"7088856","article-title":"The Interaction Effects of Suicidal Ideation and Childhood Abuse on Brain Structure and Function in Major Depressive Disorder Patients","volume":"2021","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neural Transplant. Plast."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2495","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.02495","article-title":"Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy Can Induce Neuroplasticity and Significant Clinical Improvement in Patients Suffering from Fibromyalgia with a History of Childhood Sexual Abuse\u2014Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"9","author":"Hadanny","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2535","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.02535","article-title":"Brain and Mind Integration: Childhood Sexual Abuse Survivors Experiencing Hyperbaric Oxygen Treatment and Psychotherapy Concurrently","volume":"9","author":"Bechor","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1080\/10538712.2021.1955789","article-title":"Childhood Sexual, Emotional, and Physical Abuse as Predictors of Dissociation in Adulthood","volume":"30","author":"Kate","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Child Sex. Abuse"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1080\/10538712.2019.1581868","article-title":"A Novel Screening Tool for Assessing Child Abuse: The Medical Somatic Dissociation Questionnaire\u2013MSDQ","volume":"28","author":"Israeli","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Child Sex. Abuse"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2013.00357","article-title":"Handwriting Measures as Reflectors of Executive Functions among Adults with Developmental Coordination Disorders (DCD)","volume":"4","author":"Rosenblum","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"1710","article-title":"Relating Visual Production and Recognition of Objects in Human Visual Cortex","volume":"40","author":"Fan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3403","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.25025","article-title":"Mapping the Artistic Brain: Common and Distinct Neural Activations Associated with Musical, Drawing, and Literary Creativity","volume":"41","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1080\/00393541.2008.11518756","article-title":"Both Sides Now: Visualizing and Drawing with the Right and Left Hemispheres of the Brain","volume":"50","author":"Schiferl","year":"2008","journal-title":"Stud. Art Educ."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1177\/1470357218784622","article-title":"Pictorial and Spatial Metaphor in the Drawings of a Culturally Diverse Group of Women with Fertility Problems","volume":"19","author":"Refaie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vis. Commun."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1300\/J070v12n01_05","article-title":"Social Reactions to Child Sexual Abuse Disclosures: A Critical Review","volume":"12","author":"Ullman","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Child Sex. Abus."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1023\/B:CASW.0000035221.78729.d6","article-title":"Child Sexual Abuse Disclosure: Maternal Response and Other Variables Impacting the Victim","volume":"21","author":"Lovett","year":"2004","journal-title":"Child Adolesc. Soc. Work J."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2008.11.001","article-title":"Child Abuse: Betrayal and Disclosure","volume":"33","author":"Foynes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Child Abus. Negl."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/1753-2000-7-22","article-title":"Lessons Learned from Child Sexual Abuse Research: Prevalence, Outcomes, and Preventive Strategies","volume":"7","author":"Daigneault","year":"2013","journal-title":"Child Adolesc. Psychiatry Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2011","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260520934443","article-title":"Children\u2019s Disclosures of Physical Abuse in a Population-Based Sample","volume":"37","author":"Lahtinen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Interpers. Violence"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104263","article-title":"A Retrospective Approach to Examining Child Abuse Disclosure","volume":"99","author":"McGuire","year":"2020","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.5964\/ejop.v5i2.267","article-title":"Expression of Aggressive Tendencies in the Drawings of Children and Youth Who Survived the Northern Pakistan Earthquake","volume":"5","author":"Zadeh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.4323\/rjlm.2017.217","article-title":"The Usefulness of the Draw-a-Person (DAP) Test in Diagnosing Domestic Violence on Children","volume":"25","author":"Lala","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rom. J. Leg. Med."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"9","article-title":"Draw-a-Person for the Evaluation of Antisocial Personality Trait","volume":"5","author":"Potenza","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prev. Treat."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1300\/J039v03n01_04","article-title":"Abused Children of Holocaust Survivors: An Unspoken Issue","volume":"3","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Fam. Soc. Work"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McInnes, E. (2019). Young Children\u2019s Drawings after Sexual Abuse: Disclosure and Recovery In Where to from Here?: Examining Conflict-Related and Relational Interaction Trauma, Brill.","DOI":"10.1163\/9789004397576"},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"761","article-title":"Illustration of Self-Concept through Drawings: The Perspective of the Child in an Orphanage","volume":"2","author":"Osei","year":"2013","journal-title":"IJIRS"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1080\/17533015.2018.1534250","article-title":"Children with Epilepsy: Assessing State Anxiety through Drawings and a Self-Report Questionnaire","volume":"12","author":"Hamama","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arts Health"},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"S181","article-title":"Parents\u2019 Perceptions of Child Abuse and Child Discipline in Bangkok, Thailand","volume":"96","author":"Auemaneekul","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Med. Assoc. Thai"},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"293","article-title":"Parenting and Adolescent Problem Behaviors: A Comparative Study of Sons and Daughters in Thailand","volume":"93","author":"Rhucharoenpornpanich","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Med. Assoc. Thai"},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"26","article-title":"Creative Arts Therapy with Thailand\u2019s Mobile Arts Therapy Group","volume":"6","author":"Binson","year":"2014","journal-title":"JUCR"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-2134(02)00541-0","article-title":"Development and Validation of a Brief Screening Version of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire","volume":"27","author":"Bernstein","year":"2003","journal-title":"Child Abus. Negl."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1177\/070674370805300306","article-title":"Disclosure and Social Acknowledgement as Predictors of Recovery from Posttraumatic Stress: A Longitudinal Study in Crime Victims","volume":"53","author":"Mueller","year":"2008","journal-title":"Can. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Hayes, A.F. (2013). Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis: A Regression-Based Approach, The Guilford Press."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(1950)3:1<32::AID-CNCR2820030106>3.0.CO;2-3","article-title":"Index for Rating Diagnostic Tests","volume":"3","author":"Youden","year":"1950","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"33","article-title":"Physical versus Sexual Abuse as Reflected in Adolescents\u2019 Self-Figure Drawings: A Preliminary Study","volume":"31","author":"Ramot","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Child Sex. Abus."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-4556(99)00048-9","article-title":"Detecting Violent Aggressive Behavior among Male Prisoners through the Machover Draw-A-PERSON Test","volume":"27","author":"Hershkovitz","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arts Psychother."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1007\/s10882-005-3689-0","article-title":"Deafness as Reflected in Self-Figure Drawings of Deaf People","volume":"17","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Dev. Phys. Disabil."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Girish, M., Lev-Wiesel, R., and Bhattacharyya, A. Child Abuse as Reflected in Self-figure Drawings of Indian Street Children. J. Child Adolesc. Trauma., 2022. submitted.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aip.2022.101986"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbspro.2011.10.433","article-title":"The Analysis of Children\u2019s Drawings: Social, Emotional, Physical, and Psychological Aspects","volume":"30","author":"Farokhi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Procedia Soc. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"5","article-title":"Arts and Design Studies Children\u2019s Drawings with Genitals: Art Works from Children Who Co-Sleep with Adults","volume":"41","author":"Adjei","year":"2016","journal-title":"IISTE"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104755","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104755","article-title":"Can Artificial Intelligence Achieve Human-Level Performance? A Pilot Study of Childhood Sexual Abuse Detection in Self-Figure Drawings","volume":"109","author":"Kissos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Child Abus. Negl."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"NP4684","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260520959621","article-title":"Structural Brain Alterations in Female Survivors of Intimate Partner Violence","volume":"37","author":"Daugherty","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Interpers. Violence"},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"Wiener, A.R. (2021). Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI): The Progressive Neurodegeneration and Mental Health Decline in United States Veterans. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine]."},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"395","article-title":"Parents\u2019 and Children\u2019s Perceptions of Child Maltreatment","volume":"20","author":"Massrawa","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Soc. Work"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2021.07.009","article-title":"A Latent Class Analysis of Physical, Emotional, and Sexual Abuse History among Suicidal Inpatients","volume":"142","author":"Luk","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Binson, B., Federman, D.J., and Lev-Wiesel, R. (2019). Do Self-Figure Drawings Reveal the Drawer\u2019s Cultural Values? Thais and Israelis Draw Themselves. J. Humanist. Psychol., 002216781983108.","DOI":"10.1177\/0022167819831082"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101740","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aip.2020.101740","article-title":"Psychological Well-Being and Graphic Representations of Self in Child Victims of Violence","volume":"72","author":"Ionio","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arts Psychother."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsur, N., and Katz, C. (2021). \u201cAnd Then Cinderella Was Lying in My Bed\u201d: Dissociation Displays in Forensic Interviews with Children Following Intrafamilial Child Sexual Abuse. J. Interpers. Violence, 088626052110163.","DOI":"10.1177\/08862605211016347"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1037\/pap0000332","article-title":"Traumatic Effects beyond Diagnosis: The Impact of Dissociation on the Mind-Body-Brain System","volume":"38","author":"Mucci","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychoanal. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2021.100310","article-title":"The Impact of Child Abuse on the Neurobiology of Self-Processing in Depressed Adolescents","volume":"14","author":"Engstrom","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Stress"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2019.04.015","article-title":"Child Maltreatment and Depressive Symptomatology among Adolescents in out-of-Home Care: The Mediating Role of Self-Esteem","volume":"101","author":"Yoon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Child. Youth Serv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2021.105346","article-title":"Predicting Disclosure Latency in Substantiated Cases of Child Sexual Abuse","volume":"122","author":"Gewehr","year":"2021","journal-title":"Child Abus. Negl."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1002\/car.2280","article-title":"Disclosure of Child Sexual Abuse: Delays, Non-Disclosure and Partial Disclosure. What the Research Tells Us and Implications for Practice","volume":"24","author":"McElvaney","year":"2013","journal-title":"Child Abuse Rev."}],"container-title":["Children"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/9\/6\/868\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:28:05Z","timestamp":1760138885000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/9\/6\/868"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,11]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]}},"alternative-id":["children9060868"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/children9060868","relation":{},"ISSN":["2227-9067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2227-9067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,11]]}}}