{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T04:37:51Z","timestamp":1762058271644,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,17]],"date-time":"2022-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658016000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","award":["MOST110-2314-B-037-050","MOST109-2314-B-037-076","KMUH107-7R43","KMUH109-9R46","KMUH 110-0R48"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST110-2314-B-037-050","MOST109-2314-B-037-076","KMUH107-7R43","KMUH109-9R46","KMUH 110-0R48"]}]},{"name":"Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital Research Foundation, Taiwan","award":["MOST110-2314-B-037-050","MOST109-2314-B-037-076","KMUH107-7R43","KMUH109-9R46","KMUH 110-0R48"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST110-2314-B-037-050","MOST109-2314-B-037-076","KMUH107-7R43","KMUH109-9R46","KMUH 110-0R48"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pediatric pulmonary hypertension (PH) has a similar clinical presentation to the adult disease but is associated with several additional disorders and challenges that require a specific approach for their fulminant course. With improved care for premature infants, various forms of pulmonary vascular disease have been found in children that did not previously exist. Pediatric PH can begin in utero, resulting in pulmonary vascularity growth abnormalities that may persist into adulthood. Here, we retrospectively reviewed several unique pediatric PH cases from 2000 to 2020 at Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Taiwan, a tertiary teaching hospital. Their comorbidities varied and included surfactant dysfunction, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, premature closure of the ductus arteriosus, high levels of renin and aldosterone, and Swyer\u2013James\u2013Macleod syndrome. Their clinical profiles, radiological characteristics, echocardiography, pulmonary angiogram, and therapeutic regimens were recorded. Further, because the underlying causes of pediatric PH were complex and markedly different according to age, adult PH classification may not be applicable to pediatric PH in all settings. We also classified these cases using different systems, including the Panama classification and the Sixth World Symposium on PH, and compared their advantages and disadvantages.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children9071064","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,17]],"date-time":"2022-07-17T21:00:28Z","timestamp":1658091628000},"page":"1064","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Unique Pulmonary Hypertension in Young Children: A Case Series Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9770-8544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"I-Chen","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hsiu-Lin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3628-627X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi-Ching","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yen-Hsien","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shih-Hsing","family":"Lo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jong-Hau","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hsin-Ling","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Forensic Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jui-Sheng","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6593-5120","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bin-Nan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0064-2797","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zen-Kong","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1801913","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01913-2018","article-title":"Haemodynamic definitions and updated clinical classification of pulmonary hypertension","volume":"53","author":"Simonneau","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. 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