{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T01:11:17Z","timestamp":1776129077667,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,21]],"date-time":"2022-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658361600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of this cross-sectional study was to determine the influence of orofacial clefts on the oral-health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) in a group of Italian children and adolescents and to examine whether gender, age, cleft type, and surgical protocol were associated with patients\u2019 OHRQoL. A total of 71 patients with cleft lip and\/or cleft palate (CLP) and 71 age- and gender-matched controls (aged 8 to 18 years) were asked to complete the Child Oral Health Impact Profile (COHIP), a validated and reliable questionnaire to assess self-reported OHRQoL in children and teenagers. Children with orofacial clefts showed statistically significant lower quality of life scores than controls for total OHRQoL and for each of the subscales. Gender, the type of cleft, and the type of surgical protocol had no significant influence on OHRQoL. The negative impact of CLP on the area of self-image was greater in 12\u201318-year-olds, indicating a higher need for psychosocial counselling. These findings suggest that Italian CLP children and adolescents experience a poorer OHRQoL in comparison to their non-cleft peers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children9071098","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,21]],"date-time":"2022-07-21T10:36:56Z","timestamp":1658399816000},"page":"1098","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Oral-Health-Related Quality of Life among Non-Syndromic School-Age Children with Orofacial Clefts: Results from a Cross-Sectional Study in Northern Italy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3796-3022","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrizia","family":"Defabianis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Sciences, C.I.R. Dental School, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cesare","family":"Cogo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Sciences, C.I.R. Dental School, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefania","family":"Massa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Sciences, C.I.R. Dental School, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5172-299X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federica","family":"Romano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Sciences, C.I.R. Dental School, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1177\/1055665618774019","article-title":"Proportion of orofacial clefts attributable to recognized risk factors","volume":"56","author":"Raut","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cleft Palate Craniofac. J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8628(19980113)75:2<126::AID-AJMG2>3.0.CO;2-R","article-title":"Classification and birth prevalence of orofacial cleft","volume":"75","author":"Tolarova","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Genet."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"1","article-title":"Epidemiological studies on the frequency of clefts in Europe and worldwide","volume":"34","author":"Gundlach","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Cranio-Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32279-7","article-title":"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990\u20132017: A systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2017","volume":"392","author":"James","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clp.2018.07.006","article-title":"Cleft Lip and Palate","volume":"45","author":"Worley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Impellizzeri, A., Giannantoni, I., Polimeni, A., Barbato, E., and Galluccio, G. (2019). Epidemiological characteristic of orofacial clefts and its associated congenital anomalies: Retrospective study. BMC Oral Health, 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-019-0980-5"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2011.11.004","article-title":"Quality of life of children treated for cleft lip and\/or palate: A systematic review","volume":"65","author":"Klassen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Plast. Reconstr. Aesthet. Surg."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"189","article-title":"Oral health-related quality of life in non-syndromic cleft lip and\/or palate patients: A systematic review","volume":"30","author":"Antonarakis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Community Dent. Health"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1597\/13-104","article-title":"Measurement of health-related and oral health-related quality of life among individuals with non-syndromic orofacial clefts: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"52","author":"Herkrath","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cleft Palate Craniofac. J."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20170106","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-7757-2017-0106","article-title":"Oral health-related quality of life of children with oral clefts and their families","volume":"26","author":"Rando","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Appl. Oral. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taib, B.G., Taib, A.G., Swift, A.C., and van Eeden, S. (2015). Cleft lip and palate: Diagnosis and management. Br. J. Hosp. Med., 76.","DOI":"10.12968\/hmed.2015.76.10.584"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1597\/14-178","article-title":"\u201cIt doesn\u2019t all just stop at 18\u201d: Psychological adjustment and support needs of adults born with cleft lip and\/or palate","volume":"52","author":"Stock","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cleft Palate Craniofac. J."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1562911","article-title":"Social, emotional, and academic impact of residual speech errors in school-children: A survey study","volume":"36","author":"Hitchcock","year":"2015","journal-title":"Semin. Speech Lang."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-017-2173-4","article-title":"Occlusal, chewing, and tasting characteristics associated with orofacial dysfunctions in children with unilateral cleft lip and palate: A case-control study","volume":"22","author":"Montes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1597\/15-186","article-title":"A longitudinal study of the presence of dental anomalies in the primary and permanent dentitions of cleft lip and\/or palate patients","volume":"54","author":"Suzuki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cleft Palate Craniofac. J."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.20517\/2347-9264.2020.21","article-title":"Impact of different surgical protocols on dental development in orofacial cleft children","volume":"7","author":"Guagnano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Plast. Aesthet. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034511399918","article-title":"Oral health-related quality of life: What, why, how, and future implications","volume":"90","author":"Sischo","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bdj.4808131","article-title":"The definition of oral health","volume":"174","year":"1993","journal-title":"Br. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1754-4505.1993.tb01451.x","article-title":"Identification of appropriate outcomes for an aging population","volume":"13","author":"Dolan","year":"1993","journal-title":"Spec. Care Dentist."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1159\/000351693","article-title":"An overview of children\u2019s oral health-related quality of life assessment: From scale development to measuring outcomes","volume":"47","author":"Genderson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Caries Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gilchrist, F., Rodd, H., Deery, C., and Marshman, Z. (2014). Assessment of the quality of measures of child oral health-related quality of life. BMC Oral Health, 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6831-14-40"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-018-2406-1","article-title":"Assessing oral health-related quality of life in children and adolescents: A systematic review and standardized comparison of available instruments","volume":"23","author":"Zaror","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1597\/11-055","article-title":"Oral health-related quality of life in children with orofacial clefts","volume":"50","author":"Ward","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cleft Palate Craniofac. J."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15","DOI":"10.1597\/15-095","article-title":"Oral health-related quality of life in children in Chile treated for cleft lip and palate: A case-control approach","volume":"54","author":"Aravena","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cleft Palate Craniofac. J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1177\/1055665619840220","article-title":"Quality of life among Dutch children with a cleft lip and\/or cleft palate: A follow-up study","volume":"56","author":"Nolte","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. Cleft Palate-Craniofac. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-020-03394-2","article-title":"Quality of life in eary age Spanish children treated for cleft lip and\/or palate: A case-control study approach","volume":"25","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Oral. Investig."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ali, M.A., Abass, S.K., and Nasir, E.F. (2021). A comparative assessment of oral health-related quality of life of children born with orofacial clefts in Sudan and their caregivers\u2019. BMC Oral Health, 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-021-01514-2"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pasini, M., Cagidiaco, I., Fambrini, E., Miceli, M., and Carli, E. (2022). Life quality of children affected by cleftlip palate and alveolus (CLPA). Children, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/children9050757"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0528.2007.0002.x","article-title":"Reliability and convergent and discriminant validity of the Child Oral Health Impact Profile (COHIP Child\u2019s Version)","volume":"35","author":"Broder","year":"2007","journal-title":"Commun. Dent. Oral Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518e","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0b013e31822b6a67","article-title":"Measuring quality of life in cleft lip and palate patients: Currently available patient-reported outcomes measures","volume":"128","author":"Eckstein","year":"2011","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"S84","article-title":"Oral health quality of life in children and young adolescents orthodontic cleft patients","volume":"98","author":"Konan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Med. Assoc. Thai."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1597\/09-127","article-title":"Submucous cleft palate and velopharyngeal insufficiency: Comparison of speech outcomes using three operative techniques by one surgeon","volume":"48","author":"Sullivan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cleft Palate Craniofac. J."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1597\/05-066.1","article-title":"Health professionals\u2019 assessment of health-related quality of life values for oral clefting by age using a visual analogue scale method","volume":"43","author":"Wehby","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cleft Palate Craniofac. J."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1597\/08-281","article-title":"Quality of life varies with gender and age among adults treated for unilateral cleft lip and palate","volume":"47","author":"Mani","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cleft Palate Craniofac. J."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cji004","article-title":"The psychosocial effects of cleft lip and palate: A systematic review","volume":"27","author":"Hunt","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. J. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2315","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000001992","article-title":"Health-related quality of life patients with a cleft lip and\/or palate","volume":"26","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Craniofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0b013e31816aaa43","article-title":"Quality of life and family functioning in children with nonsyndromic orofacial clefts at preschool ages","volume":"19","author":"Kramer","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Craniofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.2319\/070110-365.1","article-title":"Oral health-related quality of life in Dutch children with cleft lip and\/or palate","volume":"81","author":"Bos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Angle Orthod."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1597\/05-080","article-title":"Self-reports of psychosocial functioning among children and young adults with cleft lip and palate","volume":"43","author":"Hunt","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cleft Palate Craniofac. J."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2061","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0b013e3181be8892","article-title":"Quality of life in school-age children with orofacial clefts and their families","volume":"20","author":"Kramer","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Craniofac. Surg."}],"container-title":["Children"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/9\/7\/1098\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:55:52Z","timestamp":1760140552000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/9\/7\/1098"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,21]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]}},"alternative-id":["children9071098"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/children9071098","relation":{},"ISSN":["2227-9067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2227-9067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,21]]}}}