{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T05:01:27Z","timestamp":1762059687078,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,30]],"date-time":"2022-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659139200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The external genitalia are notoriously implicated in every fifth male with Henoch\u2013Sch\u00f6nlein syndrome. Nonetheless, the underlying conditions are poorly categorized. To characterize the involvement of the external male genitalia in this vasculitis, we performed a systematic review of the literature. For the final analysis, we selected 85 reports published between 1972 and 2022, which reported on 114 Henoch\u2013Sch\u00f6nlein cases (\u2264 18 years, N = 104) with a penile (N = 18), a scrotal (N = 77), or both a penile and a scrotal (N = 19) involvement. The genital involvement mostly appeared concurrently with or after the cutaneous features of Henoch\u2013Sch\u00f6nlein syndrome, while it preceded the presentation of Henoch\u2013Sch\u00f6nlein syndrome in 10 cases. Patients with penile involvement (N = 37) presented with swelling (N = 26), erythema (N = 23), and purpuric rash (N = 15). Most patients were otherwise asymptomatic except for transient micturition disorders (N = 2) or priapism (N = 2). Patients with scrotal involvement (N = 96) presented with pain (N = 85), swelling (N = 79), erythema (N = 42), or scrotal purpura (N = 22). The following scrotal structures were often involved: scrotal skin (N = 83), epididymis (N = 49), and testes (N = 39). An ischemic testicular damage was noted in nine patients (four with torsion and five without). The scrotal skin involvement was mostly bilateral, while that of the epididymis and testis were mostly (p &lt; 0.0001) unilateral (with a significant predilection for the left side). In conclusion, this analysis allows for better categorization of the involvement of external male genitalia in Henoch\u2013Sch\u00f6nlein vasculitis. Scrotal involvement can result from skin inflammation, epididymitis, orchitis, or testicular ischemia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children9081154","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,31]],"date-time":"2022-07-31T21:49:02Z","timestamp":1659304142000},"page":"1154","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["External Male Genitalia in Henoch\u2013Sch\u00f6nlein Syndrome: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Valentina M. L.","family":"Montorfani-Janett","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Family Medicine, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Universit\u00e0 della Svizzera Italiana, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabriele E.","family":"Montorfani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Family Medicine, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Universit\u00e0 della Svizzera Italiana, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Camilla","family":"Lavagno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Emergency Department, University Children\u2019s Hospital Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gianluca","family":"Gualco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Institute of Southern Switzerland, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland"},{"name":"Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Universit\u00e0 della Svizzera Italiana, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mario G.","family":"Bianchetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Family Medicine, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Universit\u00e0 della Svizzera Italiana, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland"},{"name":"Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Universit\u00e0 della Svizzera Italiana, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3829-4254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gregorio P.","family":"Milani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8391-5462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastiano A. G.","family":"Lava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Cardiology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland"},{"name":"Heart Failure and Transplantation, Department of Paediatric Cardiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London WC1N 3JH, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marirosa","family":"Cristallo Lacalamita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Imaging Institute of Southern Switzerland, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-017-8626-3","article-title":"Cutaneous manifestations of small-vessel leukocytoclastic vasculitides in childhood","volume":"53","author":"Lava","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2018.08.008","article-title":"Immunoglobulin A nephropathy and immunoglobulin A vasculitis","volume":"66","author":"Nicoara","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.1960.02070030835021","article-title":"Anaphylactoid purpura in children (Sch\u00f6nlein-Henoch syndrome): Review with a follow-up of the renal complications","volume":"99","author":"Allen","year":"1960","journal-title":"Am. J. Dis. Child."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)69367-4","article-title":"A case of Henoch\u2019s purpura associated with angioneurotic oedema","volume":"174","author":"Don","year":"1909","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"227","article-title":"Zur Frage der Purpura abdominalis (Henoch)","volume":"6","author":"Lederer","year":"1913","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2021.03.001","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"134","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1057\/jit.2014.26","article-title":"On being \u2018systematic\u2019 in literature reviews in IS","volume":"30","author":"Boell","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.255045109","article-title":"Gray-scale and color Doppler sonography of scrotal disorders in children: An update","volume":"25","author":"Aso","year":"2005","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2063","DOI":"10.1007\/s00261-019-02333-4","article-title":"Imaging of the acute scrotum: Keys to a rapid diagnosis of acute scrotal disorders","volume":"45","author":"Sweet","year":"2020","journal-title":"Abdom. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1559","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-020-03647-y","article-title":"Lipsch\u00fctz\u2019s acute vulvar ulcer: A systematic review","volume":"179","author":"Vismara","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1177\/000992288502400905","article-title":"Nonparametric methods. Clinical applications","volume":"24","author":"Brown","year":"1985","journal-title":"Clin. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"301","article-title":"Cutaneous vasculitis presenting on the penis","volume":"69","author":"Burrows","year":"1993","journal-title":"Genitourin. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02722659","article-title":"Penile involvement in Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein purpura","volume":"69","author":"Sandell","year":"2002","journal-title":"Indian J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1080\/00365590701365487","article-title":"Penile involvement in Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein purpura with good prognosis","volume":"41","author":"Ferrara","year":"2007","journal-title":"Scand. J. Urol. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1754.2002.00028.x","article-title":"Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein purpura and priapism","volume":"38","author":"Lind","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Paediatr. Child. Health"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-004-0532-3","article-title":"Thrombosis and priapism in a patient with Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein purpura","volume":"25","author":"Sari","year":"2005","journal-title":"Rheumatol. Int."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2005.072652","article-title":"Sch\u00f6nlein-Henoch purpura involving the penis","volume":"91","author":"Pennesi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e5","DOI":"10.4081\/pr.2009.e5","article-title":"Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein purpura presenting with symptoms mimicking balanoposthitis","volume":"1","author":"Caliskan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatr. Rep."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"53","article-title":"Balanopostit Benzeri \u015eikayetler \u0130le Ba\u015fvuran Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein Purpuras\u0131 [Henoch-Sch\u00f6enlein purpura presenting with symptoms mimicking balanopostitis]","volume":"4","year":"2010","journal-title":"Turk. J. Pediatr. Dis."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.5262\/tndt.2012.1001.18","article-title":"Penile involvement and Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein purpura: A case report","volume":"21","author":"Anil","year":"2012","journal-title":"Turk. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2177","DOI":"10.5812\/ijp.2177","article-title":"Penile Skin Involvement as the First Presentation of Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein Purpura Report of Nine Cases and Review of Literature","volume":"25","author":"Paydary","year":"2015","journal-title":"Iran J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"e249","article-title":"P\u00farpura de Sch\u00f6nlein-Henoch con afectaci\u00f3n peniana: Caso cl\u00ednico [Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein purpura involving the penis: A case report]","volume":"114","author":"Campos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Argent. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"757","article-title":"Henoch Sch\u00f6nlein Purpura with penile involvement","volume":"53","author":"Kumar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Indian Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2018-316134","article-title":"Images in paediatrics: Rare and striking complication of Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein purpura","volume":"105","author":"Moussaoui","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2021.01.012","article-title":"Penile involvement of immunoglobulin A vasculitis\/Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein purpura","volume":"17","author":"Batu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Urol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.49.4.614","article-title":"Sch\u00f6nlein-Henoch syndrome: Observations on some atypical clinical presentations","volume":"49","author":"Sahn","year":"1972","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.5910.96","article-title":"Testicular torsion in Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein syndrome","volume":"268","author":"Loh","year":"1974","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-4295(76)90565-3","article-title":"\u201cAcute scrotum\u201d in Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein syndrome","volume":"7","author":"Crosse","year":"1976","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-4295(77)90012-7","article-title":"Acute scrotal swelling in Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein syndrome","volume":"10","author":"Khan","year":"1977","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(78)80392-8","article-title":"Scrotal imaging in the Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein syndrome","volume":"92","author":"Naiman","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/S0344-0338(79)80079-5","article-title":"Testis involvement in Sch\u00f6nlein-Henoch purpura","volume":"165","author":"Mikuz","year":"1979","journal-title":"Pathol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"1540","article-title":"Hodenbeteiligung bei der Purpura Sch\u00f6nlein-Henoch [Involvement of the testes in Sch\u00f6nlein-Henoch purpura]","volume":"56","author":"Menardi","year":"1980","journal-title":"ZFA"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)55548-2","article-title":"Scrotal imaging in the Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein syndrome","volume":"124","author":"Stein","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)54772-2","article-title":"Orchitis mimicking testicular torsion in Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein\u2019s purpura","volume":"126","author":"Robitaille","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"49","article-title":"Afectaci\u00f3n testicular en el s\u00edndrome de Sch\u00f6nlein-Henoch [Testicular involvement in the Schoenlein-Henoch syndrome]","volume":"36","year":"1983","journal-title":"Arch. Esp. Urol."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"121","article-title":"Interessamento gonadico nella sindrome di Sch\u00f6nlein-Henoch [Gonadal involvement in the Sch\u00f6nlein-Henoch syndrome]","volume":"6","author":"Colloi","year":"1984","journal-title":"Pediatr. Med. Chir."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3468(86)80120-8","article-title":"Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein purpura and the acute scrotum","volume":"21","author":"Clark","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02467369","article-title":"Recurrent episodes of testicular swelling preceding Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein purpura by 11 months","volume":"146","author":"Hardoff","year":"1987","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"247","article-title":"Epididymal involvement in Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein purpura mimicking testicular torsion","volume":"32","author":"Ross","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. R. Coll. Surg. Edinb."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"365","article-title":"Torsi\u00f3n testicular asociada a p\u00farpura de Sch\u00f6nlein-Henoch. A prop\u00f3sito de un caso","volume":"31","year":"1990","journal-title":"Bol. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1097\/00006565-199208000-00010","article-title":"Scrotal involvement in Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein purpura: A case report and review of the literature","volume":"8","author":"Chamberlain","year":"1992","journal-title":"Pediatr. Emerg. Care"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02012993","article-title":"Scrotal ultrasonography in Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein purpura","volume":"22","author":"Laor","year":"1992","journal-title":"Pediatr. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1097\/00006565-199202000-00015","article-title":"Acute testicular pain: Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein purpura versus testicular torsion","volume":"8","author":"Singer","year":"1992","journal-title":"Pediatr. Emerg. Care"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.7863\/jum.1992.11.11.619","article-title":"Ultrasonographic and color Doppler imaging of hemorrhagic epididymitis in Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein purpura","volume":"11","author":"Sudakoff","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Ultrasound Med."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"197","article-title":"Sindrome di Sch\u00f6nlein-Henoch con severo interessamento multisistemico [The Sch\u00f6nlein-Henoch syndrome with severe multisystemic involvement]","volume":"45","author":"Bosio","year":"1993","journal-title":"Minerva Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1097\/00003072-199304000-00006","article-title":"Radionuclide scrotal imaging in anaphylactoid purpura","volume":"18","author":"Melloul","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clin. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3468(95)90424-7","article-title":"Acute scrotum caused by Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein purpura, with immediate response to short-term steroid therapy","volume":"30","author":"Korat","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"489","article-title":"Hematoma escrotal agudo en la p\u00farpura de Sch\u00f6nlein-Henoch. Manifestaci\u00f3n urol\u00f3gica infrecuente [Acute scrotal hematoma in Schoenlein-Henoch purpura. Infrequent urologic manifestation]","volume":"21","year":"1997","journal-title":"Actas Urol. Esp."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"78","article-title":"Escroto agudo: Un modo de presentaci\u00f3n ins\u00f3lito de la p\u00farpura de Sch\u00f6nlein-Henoch [Acute scrotum: Unusual presentation of Sch\u00f6nlein-Henoch purpura]","volume":"21","year":"1997","journal-title":"Actas Urol. Esp."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.3349\/ymj.1998.39.1.73","article-title":"Acute scrotum in 7 cases of Sch\u00f6nlein-Henoch syndrome","volume":"39","author":"Lee","year":"1998","journal-title":"Yonsei Med. J."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(99)70378-1","article-title":"The swollen, scarlet scrotum: An uncommon manifestation of a common disorder","volume":"134","author":"Gunasekaran","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1843","DOI":"10.1053\/jpsu.2000.9293","article-title":"A case of pediatric Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein purpura and thrombosis of spermatic veins","volume":"35","author":"Diana","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"247","article-title":"Escroto agudo y p\u00farpura de Sch\u00f6nlein-Henoch; presentaci\u00f3n de un caso","volume":"2","author":"Velasco","year":"2000","journal-title":"Rev. Pediatr. Aten. Primaria"},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"739","article-title":"Acute scrotal swelling in Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein purpura: A case report","volume":"46","author":"Sakai","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hinyokika Kiyo"},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"168","article-title":"Escroto agudo y p\u00farpura de Sch\u00f6nlein-Henoch: Presentaci\u00f3n de dos nuevos casos [Acute scrotum and Sch\u00f6nlein-Henoch purpura: Report of 2 new cases]","volume":"54","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch. Esp. Urol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2267","DOI":"10.1007\/s003300100843","article-title":"Epididymoorchitis mimicking testicular torsion in Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein purpura","volume":"11","author":"Dayanir","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"337","article-title":"Acute scrotum as a rare initial finding of Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein purpura: Importance of ultrasound and Doppler","volume":"29","author":"Trapasso","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ital. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-2042.2004.00835.x","article-title":"Acute scrotum caused by Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein purpura","volume":"11","author":"Hara","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"192","article-title":"Diagnosis of Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein purpura by sonography and radionuclear scanning in a child presenting with bilateral acute scrotum","volume":"37","author":"Huang","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"335","article-title":"Skrotal smerte og Henoch-Sch\u00f6nleins purpura [Scrotal pain and Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein purpura]","volume":"124","author":"Ansorge","year":"2004","journal-title":"Tidsskr. Nor. Laegeforen."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcped.2005.06.020","article-title":"Cas radiologique du mois. A propos d\u2019un cas de testicule tum\u00e9fi\u00e9 et douloureux [Radiological quiz of the month. A case of a swollen and painful testis in a child]","volume":"12","author":"Jequier","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch. P\u00e9diatr."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1157\/13080417","article-title":"P\u00farpura de Sch\u00f6nlein-Henoch: Un caso complejo [Sch\u00f6nlein-Henoch purpura: A complex case]","volume":"63","year":"2005","journal-title":"An. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"89","article-title":"Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein purpura presenting with orchitis: A case report and review of the literature","volume":"77","author":"Davol","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cutis"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2008.07.003","article-title":"Idiopathic testicular infarction in a boy initially suspected to have acute epididymo-orchitis associated with mycoplasma infection and Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein purpura","volume":"5","author":"Fukuda","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Urol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-0700","article-title":"Facial purpura and scrotal swelling: A quiz. Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein purpura","volume":"89","author":"Mizuashi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Derm. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"289","article-title":"Diagnosis of Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein purpura in a child presenting with bilateral acute scrotum","volume":"80","author":"Palumbo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Biomed."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"382","article-title":"A case of scrotal swelling mimicking testicular torsion preceding Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein vasculitis","volume":"113","author":"Akgun","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bratisl. Lek. Listy"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1346-8138.2010.01054.x","article-title":"Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein purpura with epididymitis in an adult","volume":"38","author":"Sakanoue","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"258","article-title":"Presentaci\u00f3n at\u00edpica de la p\u00farpura de Sch\u00f6nlein-Henoch","volume":"5","year":"2012","journal-title":"Form. Act. Pediatr. Aten. Prim."},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"194","article-title":"Acute scrotum in Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein purpura: Fact or fiction?","volume":"54","author":"Kaya","year":"2012","journal-title":"Turk. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"71","article-title":"Steroid tedavisine h\u0131zl\u0131 yan\u0131t veren akut skrotum: Bir Henoch Sch\u00f6nlein Purpura olgusu [A rapid response to steroid therapy in acute scrotum: A case of Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein purpura]","volume":"26","year":"2012","journal-title":"\u00c7ocuk Cerrahisi Dergisi"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S93","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-010-1555-7","article-title":"Scrotal involvement in an adult with Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein purpura","volume":"32","author":"Aaron","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmu.2013.10.004","article-title":"Unusual testicular ultrasound findings in a child with Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein purpura","volume":"21","author":"Shaher","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Med. Ultrasound"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eucr.2016.01.004","article-title":"Acute scrotal swelling in Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein purpura: Case report and review of the literature","volume":"6","author":"Modi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Urol. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-2382","article-title":"Epididymitis with Epididymal Cyst Indicating Immunoglobulin A Vasculitis in an AdultAi Nanbu, Kazumitsu Sugiura, Naoto Sassa, Masashi Akiyama","volume":"96","author":"Nanbu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Derm. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"bcr2016217531","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2016-217531","article-title":"Rare urological manifestation of Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein purpura: Testicular torsion","volume":"2016","author":"Oomens","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1542\/pir.2016-0099","article-title":"Case 3: Abdominal pain and epididymitis in an 8-year-old boy","volume":"38","author":"Kaminsky","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"372","article-title":"An Unusual Complication of Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein vasculitis in an 11-year-old boy: Global testicular necrosis mimicking testicular torsion","volume":"66","author":"Oral","year":"2017","journal-title":"West Indian Med. J."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2017.05.005","article-title":"Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein purpura with testicular necrosis: Sonographic findings at the onset, during treatment, and at follow-up","volume":"107","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjid.2018.09.004","article-title":"A 19-year-old man with IgA vasculitis after vaccination","volume":"22","author":"Malek","year":"2018","journal-title":"Braz. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2019.10.020","article-title":"Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein purpura presenting with bilateral solid testicular masses in an adult","volume":"136","author":"Lobl","year":"2020","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1097\/MPH.0000000000002161","article-title":"Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein purpura with scrotal involvement: A case report and literature review","volume":"43","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2021.12.001","article-title":"Testicular torsion associated with Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein purpura","volume":"243","author":"Kajitani","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)59185-5","article-title":"Scrotal swelling in the Sch\u00f6nlein-Henoch syndrome","volume":"115","author":"Turkish","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_85","first-page":"211","article-title":"Sindrome di Sch\u00f6nlein-Henoch con interessamento testicolare: Presentazione di 4 casi [The Sch\u00f6nlein-Henoch syndrome with testicular involvement: A report of 4 cases]","volume":"14","author":"Cataldo","year":"1992","journal-title":"Pediatr. Med. Chir."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(03)00025-6","article-title":"Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein purpura involving the glans penis","volume":"61","author":"David","year":"2003","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"ref_87","first-page":"8","article-title":"Penile involvement in Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein purpura","volume":"8","author":"Demir","year":"2006","journal-title":"Duzce Med. J."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1590\/S0365-05962012000100026","article-title":"Case for diagnosis","volume":"87","author":"Santiago","year":"2012","journal-title":"An. Bras. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_89","first-page":"40","article-title":"A case of Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein purpura with penile skin involvement","volume":"6","author":"Alaygut","year":"2012","journal-title":"Turk. J. Pediatr. Dis."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1177\/0009922813497826","article-title":"Penile and scrotal swelling mimicking child abuse","volume":"52","author":"Balevic","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.4081\/aiua.2013.1.50","article-title":"Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein purpura without systemic involvement beginning with acute scrotum and mimicking torsion of testis","volume":"85","author":"Verim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch. Ital. Urol. Androl."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.14366\/usg.14042","article-title":"Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein purpura: Ultrasonography of scrotal and penile involvement","volume":"34","author":"Lim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ultrasonography"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"bcr2013202341","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2013-202341","article-title":"Acute penile pain and swelling in a 4-year-old child with Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein purpura","volume":"2015","author":"Tewary","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1002\/ccr3.496","article-title":"Urinary retention secondary to acute vasculitic penile swelling in a pediatric patient","volume":"4","author":"Farkas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1097\/PEC.0000000000000822","article-title":"Acute genitourinary swelling and erythema as presenting symptoms of Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein purpura","volume":"32","author":"Hewett","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr. Emerg. Care"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"bcr2017220129","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2017-220129","article-title":"Unusual presentation of Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein purpura","volume":"2018","author":"Brodie","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfq444","article-title":"Renal vein obstruction and orthostatic proteinuria: A review","volume":"26","author":"Mazzoni","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_98","first-page":"98","article-title":"An audit of the management of the acute scrotum in children with Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein purpura","volume":"46","author":"Ioannides","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. R. Coll. Surg. Edinb."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1053\/j.sempedsurg.2006.10.008","article-title":"Current management of the acute scrotum","volume":"16","author":"Gatti","year":"2007","journal-title":"Semin. Pediatr. Surg."}],"container-title":["Children"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/9\/8\/1154\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:00:12Z","timestamp":1760140812000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/9\/8\/1154"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,30]]},"references-count":99,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["children9081154"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/children9081154","relation":{},"ISSN":["2227-9067"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2227-9067"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,30]]}}}