{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T12:15:08Z","timestamp":1789992908533,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,23]],"date-time":"2022-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663891200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"LeVecke Family Foundation"},{"name":"Medtronic, Inc"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: One of the major causes of cerebral ventricular shunt failure is proximal catheter occlusion. We describe a novel ventricular cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow replicating system that assesses pressure and flow responses to varying degrees of catheter occlusion. Methods: Ventricular catheter performance was assessed during conditions of partial and complete occlusion. The catheters were placed into a three-dimensionally-printed phantom ventricular replicating system. Artificial CSF was pumped through the ventricular system at a constant rate of 1 mL\/min to mimic CSF flow, with the proximal end of the catheter in the phantom ventricle. Pressure transducer and flow rate sensors were used to measure intra-phantom pressure, outflow pressure, and CSF flow rates. The catheters were also inserted into silicone tubing and pressure was measured in the same manner for comparison with the phantom. Results: Pressure measured in the ventricle phantom did not change when the outflow of the ventricular catheter was partially occluded. However, the intraventricular phantom pressure significantly increased when the outflow catheter was 100% occluded. The flow through the catheter showed no significant difference in rate with any degree of partial occlusion of the catheter. At the distal end of the partially occluded catheters, there was less pressure compared with the nonoccluded catheters. This difference in pressure in partially occluded catheters correlated with the percentage of catheter hole occlusion. Conclusions: Our model mimics the physiological dynamics of the CSF flow in partially and completely obstructed ventricular catheters. We found that partial occlusion of the catheter had no effect on the CSF flow rate, but did reduce outflow pressure from the catheter.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children9101453","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,23]],"date-time":"2022-09-23T04:07:07Z","timestamp":1663906027000},"page":"1453","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Partial Obstruction of Ventricular Catheters Affects Performance in a New Catheter Obstruction Model of Hydrocephalus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Seunghyun","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CHOC Children\u2019s Research Institute, 1201 W. La Veta Avenue, Orange, CA 92868, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Vinzani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bianca","family":"Romero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CHOC Children\u2019s Neuroscience Institute, 1201 W. La Veta Avenue, Orange, CA 92868, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alvin","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, CHOC Children\u2019s Hospital, 505 S Main St., Orange, CA 92868, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5787-2032","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leandro","family":"Casta\u00f1eyra-Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CHOC Children\u2019s Research Institute, 1201 W. La Veta Avenue, Orange, CA 92868, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Muhonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, CHOC Children\u2019s Hospital, 505 S Main St., Orange, CA 92868, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Isaacs, A.M., Riva-Cambrin, J., Yavin, D., Hockley, A., Pringsheim, T.M., Jette, N., Lethebe, B.C., Lowerison, M., Dronyk, J., and Hamilton, M.G. (2018). Age-specific global epidemiology of hydrocephalus: Systematic review, metanalysis and global birth surveillance. 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