{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T01:09:25Z","timestamp":1792804165043,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,25]],"date-time":"2022-10-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666656000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fondation Yves Cotrel-Institut de France","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02cjet079","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is a three-dimensional malformation of the spine of unknown cause that develops between 10 and 18 years old and affects 2\u20133% of adolescents, mostly girls. It has been reported that girls with AIS have a taller stature, lower body mass index (BMI), and bone mineral density (BMD) than their peers, but the causes remain unexplained. Energy metabolism discrepancies, including alterations in adipokine and incretin circulatory levels, could influence these parameters and contribute to disease pathophysiology. This pilot study aims to compare the anthropometry, BMD, and metabolic profile of 19 AIS girls to 19 age-matched healthy controls. Collected data include participants\u2019 fasting metabolic profile, anthropometry (measurements and DXA scan), nutritional intake, and physical activity level. AIS girls (14.8 \u00b1 1.7 years, Cobb angle 27 \u00b1 10\u00b0), compared to controls (14.8 \u00b1 2.1 years), were leaner (BMI-for-age z-score \u00b1 SD: \u22120.59 \u00b1 0.81 vs. 0.09 \u00b1 1.11, p = 0.016; fat percentage: 24.4 \u00b1 5.9 vs. 29.2 \u00b1 7.2%, p = 0.036), had lower BMD (total body without head z-score \u00b1 SD: \u22120.6 \u00b1 0.83 vs. 0.23 \u00b1 0.98, p = 0.038; femoral neck z-score: \u22120.54 \u00b1 1.20 vs. 0.59 \u00b1 1.59, p = 0.043), but their height was similar. AIS girls had higher adiponectin levels [56 (9\u2013287) vs. 32 (7\u201374) \u03bcg\/mL, p = 0.005] and lower leptin\/adiponectin ratio [0.042 (0.005\u20130.320) vs. 0.258 (0.024\u20131.053), p = 0.005]. AIS participants with a Cobb angle superior to 25\u00b0 had higher resistin levels compared to controls [98.2 (12.8\u2013287.2) vs. 32.1 (6.6\u201373.8), p = 0.0013]. This pilot study suggests that adipokines are implicated in AIS development and\/or progression, but more work is needed to confirm their role in the disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children9111619","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,25]],"date-time":"2022-10-25T12:29:45Z","timestamp":1666700985000},"page":"1619","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Circulatory Adipokines and Incretins in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis: A Pilot Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Emilie","family":"Normand","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center of the CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anita","family":"Franco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center of the CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada"},{"name":"Viscogliosi Laboratory in Molecular Genetics and Musculoskeletal Diseases, Research Center of the CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathalie","family":"Alos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrine Service, Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Parent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alain","family":"Moreau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viscogliosi Laboratory in Molecular Genetics and Musculoskeletal Diseases, Research Center of the CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Stomatology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montreal, QC H3A 1J4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Val\u00e9rie","family":"Marcil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center of the CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.75.12.1377","article-title":"Age- and sex-specific prevalence of scoliosis and the value of school screening programs","volume":"75","author":"Morais","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Du, Q., Zhou, X., Negrini, S., Chen, N., Yang, X., Liang, J., and Sun, K. (2016). Scoliosis epidemiology is not similar all over the world: A study from a scoliosis school screening on Chongming Island (China). BMC Musculoskelet. Disord., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-016-1140-6"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.282.15.1427","article-title":"A population-based study of school scoliosis screening","volume":"282","author":"Yawn","year":"1999","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp1209063","article-title":"Idiopathic Scoliosis in Adolescents","volume":"368","author":"Hresko","year":"2013","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s13013-017-0145-8","article-title":"2016 SOSORT guidelines: Orthopaedic and rehabilitation treatment of idiopathic scoliosis during growth","volume":"13","author":"Negrini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Scoliosis Spinal Disord."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.21037\/atm.2019.12.160","article-title":"Idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"8","author":"Canavese","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.21037\/atm.2019.09.69","article-title":"Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: Indications for bracing and conservative treatments","volume":"8","author":"Kaelin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.21037\/atm.2019.11.84","article-title":"Anterior instrumented fusion for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"8","author":"Ruf","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-7161-1-2","article-title":"Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: Natural history and long term treatment effects","volume":"1","author":"Asher","year":"2006","journal-title":"Scoliosis"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jspd.2017.12.014","article-title":"Clinically Significant Psychological and Emotional Distress in 32% of Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis Patients","volume":"6","author":"Sanders","year":"2018","journal-title":"Spine Deform."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1466","DOI":"10.2174\/1874325001711011466","article-title":"Etiological Theories of Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis: Past and Present","volume":"11","author":"Fadzan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Open Orthop. J."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e318227dd0c","article-title":"Abnormal leptin bioavailability in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: An important new finding","volume":"37","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matusik, E., Durmala, J., Olszanecka-Glinianowicz, M., Chudek, J., and Matusik, P. (2020). Association between Bone Turnover Markers, Leptin, and Nutritional Status in Girls with Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis (AIS). Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202006.0274.v1"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2703","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31815a59e5","article-title":"Decreased circulating leptin level and its association with body and bone mass in girls with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"32","author":"Qiu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/s13013-015-0054-7","article-title":"Fasting total ghrelin levels are increased in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"10","author":"Gennero","year":"2015","journal-title":"Scoliosis"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000001376","article-title":"Lower Muscle Mass and Body Fat in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis Are Associated With Abnormal Leptin Bioavailability","volume":"41","author":"Tam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-020-01988-w","article-title":"Disordered leptin and ghrelin bioactivity in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS): A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9784083","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/9784083","article-title":"High Ghrelin Level Predicts the Curve Progression of Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis Girls","volume":"2018","author":"Yu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1470","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181f55083","article-title":"Anthropometry and body composition profile of girls with nonsurgically treated adolescent idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"36","author":"Barrios","year":"2011","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000197410.92525.10","article-title":"Generalized osteopenia in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis-association with abnormal pubertal growth, bone turnover, and calcium intake?","volume":"31","author":"Cheung","year":"2006","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-018-0095-0","article-title":"Prevalence and impact of low body mass index on outcomes in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: A systematic review","volume":"72","author":"Tarrant","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.102B2.BJJ-2019-1016.R1","article-title":"Bone health in adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"102-B","author":"Diarbakerli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bone Joint J."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1007\/s11914-013-0157-0","article-title":"Influence of hormonal appetite and energy regulators on bone","volume":"11","author":"Khor","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Osteoporos. Rep."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1851","DOI":"10.2174\/092986708785133004","article-title":"Visfatin: Structure, function and relation to diabetes mellitus and other dysfunctions","volume":"15","author":"Adeghate","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/S0303-7207(99)00154-9","article-title":"Leptin stimulates glucose uptake in C2C12 muscle cells by activation of ERK2","volume":"157","author":"Berti","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2005.07.008","article-title":"Association of resistin with visceral fat and muscle insulin resistance","volume":"32","author":"Borst","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2007.06.031","article-title":"Resistin down-regulates insulin receptor expression, and modulates cell viability in rodent pancreatic beta-cells","volume":"581","author":"Brown","year":"2007","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1677\/JME-09-0071","article-title":"Visfatin regulates insulin secretion, insulin receptor signalling and mRNA expression of diabetes-related genes in mouse pancreatic beta-cells","volume":"44","author":"Brown","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1530\/JME-10-0106","article-title":"Visfatin inhibits apoptosis of pancreatic \u03b2-cell line, MIN6, via the mitogen-activated protein kinase\/phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathway","volume":"47","author":"Cheng","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.46.2.313","article-title":"Expression of the functional leptin receptor mRNA in pancreatic islets and direct inhibitory action of leptin on insulin secretion","volume":"46","author":"Emilsson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1703","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-008-9371-8","article-title":"Resistin induces rat insulinoma cell RINm5F apoptosis","volume":"36","author":"Gao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E567","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00315.2011","article-title":"Leptin in human physiology and pathophysiology","volume":"301","author":"Mantzoros","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1038\/415339a","article-title":"Leptin stimulates fatty-acid oxidation by activating AMP-activated protein kinase","volume":"415","author":"Minokoshi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E106","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00457.2002","article-title":"Resistin inhibits glucose uptake in L6 cells independently of changes in insulin signaling and GLUT4 translocation","volume":"285","author":"Moon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1748","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.178.3.1748","article-title":"Visfatin, an adipocytokine with proinflammatory and immunomodulating properties","volume":"178","author":"Moschen","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2012.06.008","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory and anti-atherogenic properties of adiponectin","volume":"94","author":"Ohashi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6153","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109.088708","article-title":"Adiponectin promotes macrophage polarization toward an anti-inflammatory phenotype","volume":"285","author":"Ohashi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1029","article-title":"Adiponectin acts in the brain to decrease body weight","volume":"10","author":"Qi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000155620.10387.43","article-title":"Resistin is an inflammatory marker of atherosclerosis in humans","volume":"111","author":"Reilly","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4534","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2007-1708","article-title":"Central resistin regulates hypothalamic and peripheral lipid metabolism in a nutritional-dependent fashion","volume":"149","author":"Varela","year":"2008","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33623","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109.085084","article-title":"Adiponectin-induced ERK and Akt phosphorylation protects against pancreatic beta cell apoptosis and increases insulin gene expression and secretion","volume":"285","author":"Wijesekara","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1288","DOI":"10.1038\/nm788","article-title":"Adiponectin stimulates glucose utilization and fatty-acid oxidation by activating AMP-activated protein kinase","volume":"8","author":"Yamauchi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2008.06.033","article-title":"Resistin and insulin resistance in hepatocytes: Resistin disturbs glycogen metabolism at the protein level","volume":"63","author":"Yang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11348","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.275.15.11348","article-title":"Leptin induces insulin-like signaling that antagonizes cAMP elevation by glucagon in hepatocytes","volume":"275","author":"Zhao","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.10156","article-title":"Leptin stimulates human osteoblastic cell proliferation, de novo collagen synthesis, and mineralization: Impact on differentiation markers, apoptosis, and osteoclastic signaling","volume":"85","author":"Gordeladze","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1648","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.060707","article-title":"Adiponectin stimulates RANKL and inhibits OPG expression in human osteoblasts through the MAPK signaling pathway","volume":"21","author":"Luo","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.20915","article-title":"Expression and regulation of resistin in osteoblasts and osteoclasts indicate a role in bone metabolism","volume":"99","author":"Thommesen","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-006-0155-7","article-title":"Insulin-like effects of visfatin on human osteoblasts","volume":"80","author":"Xie","year":"2007","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Int."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tam, E.M., Yu, F.W., Hung, V.W., Liu, Z., Liu, K.L., Ng, B.K., Lee, S.K., Qiu, Y., Cheng, J.C., and Lam, T.P. (2014). Are volumetric bone mineral density and bone micro-architecture associated with leptin and soluble leptin receptor levels in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis?--A case-control study. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0087939"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1038\/90984","article-title":"The fat-derived hormone adiponectin reverses insulin resistance associated with both lipoatrophy and obesity","volume":"7","author":"Yamauchi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1999.0255","article-title":"Paradoxical decrease of an adipose-specific protein, adiponectin, in obesity","volume":"257","author":"Arita","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-019-1805-7","article-title":"Adiponectin regulates bone mass in AIS osteopenia via RANKL\/OPG and IL6 pathway","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1671","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.53.7.1671","article-title":"Regulation of resistin expression and circulating levels in obesity, diabetes, and fasting","volume":"53","author":"Rajala","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2019.00140","article-title":"Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Obesity-Induced Hypothalamic Inflammation and Insulin Resistance: Pivotal Role of Resistin\/TLR4 Pathways","volume":"10","author":"Benomar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.3109\/00365513.2014.1003594","article-title":"Visfatin in obese children and adolescents and its association with insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome","volume":"75","author":"Nourbakhsh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2005.046540","article-title":"Changes in plasma levels of fat-derived hormones adiponectin, leptin, resistin and visfatin in patients with rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"65","author":"Otero","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05484","article-title":"Gut hormones and the regulation of energy homeostasis","volume":"444","author":"Murphy","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2008.01.003","article-title":"Glucagon-like peptide-1, glucose homeostasis and diabetes","volume":"14","author":"Holst","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-13-0146","article-title":"Optimal bone mechanical and material properties require a functional glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor","volume":"219","author":"Mabilleau","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1497","DOI":"10.1359\/JBMR.050524","article-title":"Potential role of pancreatic and enteric hormones in regulating bone turnover","volume":"20","author":"Clowes","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2020.115291","article-title":"Dysregulation of the ghrelin\/RANKL\/OPG pathway in bone mass is related to AIS osteopenia","volume":"134","author":"Xiao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22274","DOI":"10.1038\/srep22274","article-title":"Identification of candidate diagnostic biomarkers for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis using UPLC\/QTOF-MS analysis: A first report of lipid metabolism profiles","volume":"6","author":"Sun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.3109\/00365516809084283","article-title":"Correction of body height in predicting spirometric values in scoliotic patients","volume":"21","author":"Bjure","year":"1968","journal-title":"Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest."},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"ISCD (2021, August 30). Skeletal Health Assessment in Children from Infancy to Adolescence. Available online: https:\/\/iscd.org\/learn\/official-positions\/pediatric-positions\/."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/52.6.953","article-title":"Height-normalized indices of the body\u2019s fat-free mass and fat mass: Potentially useful indicators of nutritional status","volume":"52","author":"VanItallie","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2891-3-13","article-title":"Validity and reproducibility of an interviewer-administered food frequency questionnaire for healthy French-Canadian men and women","volume":"3","author":"Goulet","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nutr. J."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"Government of Canada (2021, April 06). Dietary Reference Intakes Tables, Available online: https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/health-canada\/services\/food-nutrition\/healthy-eating\/dietary-reference-intakes\/tables.html."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2019.08.106","article-title":"Leptin in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis\u2014A meta-analysis","volume":"71","author":"Bae","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1195-1155","article-title":"Leptin levels in human and rodent: Measurement of plasma leptin and ob RNA in obese and weight-reduced subjects","volume":"1","author":"Maffei","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e487","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-0572","article-title":"Do changes in body mass index percentile reflect changes in body composition in children? Data from the Fels Longitudinal Study","volume":"117","author":"Demerath","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-008-0743-5","article-title":"Vigorous physical activity and cytokines in adolescents","volume":"103","author":"Rubin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1263111","article-title":"Serum resistin concentrations are higher in human obesity but independent from insulin resistance","volume":"119","author":"Owecki","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.4274\/Jcrpe.1072","article-title":"Increased resistin serum concentrations in patientswith type 1 diabetes mellitus","volume":"5","author":"Geyikli","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Res. Pediatr. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvp278","article-title":"Resistin: A newly identified chemokine for human CD4-positive lymphocytes","volume":"85","author":"Walcher","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10074","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-46325-2","article-title":"A Differential Hypofunctionality of G\u03b1i Proteins Occurs in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis and Correlates with the Risk of Disease Progression","volume":"9","author":"Akoume","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2007.54","article-title":"Plasma visfatin concentration as a surrogate marker for visceral fat accumulation in obese children","volume":"16","author":"Araki","year":"2008","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1007\/s40519-018-0599-6","article-title":"Ghrelin forms in the modulation of energy balance and metabolism","volume":"24","author":"Barazzoni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eat. Weight Disord."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2010.06.003","article-title":"Insulin signaling in osteoblasts integrates bone remodeling and energy metabolism","volume":"142","author":"Ferron","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2007.05.047","article-title":"Endocrine regulation of energy metabolism by the skeleton","volume":"130","author":"Lee","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5266","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0711119105","article-title":"Osteocalcin differentially regulates beta cell and adipocyte gene expression and affects the development of metabolic diseases in wild-type mice","volume":"105","author":"Ferron","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2011.04.017","article-title":"Intermittent injections of osteocalcin improve glucose metabolism and prevent type 2 diabetes in mice","volume":"50","author":"Ferron","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mizokami, A., Yasutake, Y., Gao, J., Matsuda, M., Takahashi, I., Takeuchi, H., and Hirata, M. (2013). Osteocalcin induces release of glucagon-like peptide-1 and thereby stimulates insulin secretion in mice. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0057375"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-015-2742-6","article-title":"Participation of sex hormones in multifactorial pathogenesis of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"39","author":"Kulis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.2000.15.8.1587","article-title":"Generalized low areal and volumetric bone mineral density in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"15","author":"Cheng","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.4055\/cios.2014.6.2.180","article-title":"Evaluation of bone mineral status in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"6","author":"Erfani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Surg."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2019.115217","article-title":"Persistent low-normal bone mineral density in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis with different curve severity: A longitudinal study from presentation to beyond skeletal maturity and peak bone mass","volume":"133","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Normand, E., Franco, A., and Marcil, V. (2019). Nutrition and physical activity level of adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis: A narrative review. Spine J.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2019.11.012"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1924","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-005-1964-7","article-title":"Association of osteopenia with curve severity in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: A study of 919 girls","volume":"16","author":"Lee","year":"2005","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2013.12.033","article-title":"Bone structural and mechanical indices in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis evaluated by high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT)","volume":"61","author":"Yu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-015-0025-2","article-title":"Abnormal Bone Mechanical and Structural Properties in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis: A Study with Finite Element Analysis and Structural Model Index","volume":"97","author":"Cheuk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Int."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1554","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199507150-00002","article-title":"Does bracing affect bone density in adolescent scoliosis?","volume":"20","author":"Snyder","year":"1995","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1111\/pedi.12364","article-title":"Differences in beta-cell function and insulin secretion in Black vs. White obese adolescents: Do incretin hormones play a role?","volume":"18","author":"Michaliszyn","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.12167","article-title":"The incretin effect in Korean subjects with normal glucose tolerance or type 2 diabetes","volume":"80","author":"Oh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_94","first-page":"2668","article-title":"Metformin Triggers PYY Secretion in Human Gut Mucosa","volume":"104","author":"Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/s40510-017-0184-y","article-title":"Osteocalcin and serum insulin-like growth factor-1 as biochemical skeletal maturity indicators","volume":"18","author":"Tripathi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E284","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00005.2017","article-title":"A sandwich ELISA for measurement of the primary glucagon-like peptide-1 metabolite","volume":"313","author":"Asmar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.2174\/1871530320666200628024500","article-title":"Roux-en-Y Gastrointestinal Bypass Promotes Activation of TGR5 and Peptide YY","volume":"20","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Endocr. Metab. Immune Disord. Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/hvab229","article-title":"Multiplexed Assay to Quantify the PP-Fold Family of Peptides in Human Plasma Using Microflow Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry","volume":"68","author":"Eugster","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122806","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2021.122806","article-title":"A UHPLC\/MS\/MS method for the analysis of active and inactive forms of GLP-1 and GIP incretins in human plasma","volume":"236","author":"Villano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2541","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa251","article-title":"Leptin-Mediated Changes in the Human Metabolome","volume":"105","author":"Lawler","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."}],"container-title":["Children"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/9\/11\/1619\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:02:24Z","timestamp":1760144544000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/9\/11\/1619"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,25]]},"references-count":100,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["children9111619"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/children9111619","relation":{},"ISSN":["2227-9067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2227-9067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,25]]}}}