{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T15:44:23Z","timestamp":1792079063594,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,26]],"date-time":"2022-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666742400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Ministry of Science and Technology","award":["110-2511-H-161-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["110-2511-H-161-001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Airway obstruction refers to suffocation caused by blockage of the airway due to a foreign body and is a common cause of accidental death in infants below one year of age. However, the current infant CPR manikins used for training in first aid for foreign body airway obstruction can only be applied to one single scenario. Furthermore, trainees\u2019 first aid skills cannot be recorded and quantified with a digital system and, consequently, assessment of their skills is difficult to conduct. This study aims to overcome the technical limitations by developing an AR-based assessment system for training in first aid for infant airway obstruction. With this assessment system, trainees can learn first aid more efficiently and correctly and conduct a quantitative assessment of their skills digitally. For instructors, the time required for assessment, potential human error, and the cost of training can also be reduced. The system can be a practical learning tool that helps trainees assess emergencies and integrate their knowledge and skills.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children9111622","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,26]],"date-time":"2022-10-26T05:11:33Z","timestamp":1666761093000},"page":"1622","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Development and Application of AR-Based Assessment System for Infant Airway Obstruction First Aid Training"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6208-0630","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pao-Ju","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, College of Healthcare and Management, Asia Eastern University of Science and Technology, New Taipei City 220303, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei-Kai","family":"Liou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Management and Design, Ming-Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City 243303, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Issack, A.M., Jiru, T., and Aniley, A.W. (2021). Assessment of knowledge, attitude and practice on first aid management of choking and associated factors among kindergarten teachers in Addis Ababa governmental schools, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. A cross-sectional institution-based study. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0255331"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1162\/pres.1997.6.4.355","article-title":"A survey of augmented reality","volume":"6","author":"Azuma","year":"1997","journal-title":"Presence Teleoperators Virtual Environ."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2016.10.006","article-title":"A smartphone application to educate undergraduate nursing students about providing care for infant airway obstruction","volume":"48","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nurse Educ. 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