{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T19:13:57Z","timestamp":1779390837359,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,26]],"date-time":"2022-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666742400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A headache is the most common neurological symptom in children. Its subtypes are migraine (MH) and tension-type headache (TTH). Internalizing rather than externalizing symptoms are more frequent in children with headaches, but little is known about the reasons why. We aim to: (a) examine the interplay between emotional experience, affective regulation, and internalizing symptoms in children suffering from primary headaches and their caregivers; (b) identify potential predictors of children with migraines\u2019 internalizing symptoms. Fifty children and adolescents with a diagnosis of primary headaches and their caregivers were compared to a sample of fifty-one healthy peers and caregivers. Self-reports and parent-reports were administered. Results indicate higher negative affect and internalizing symptoms and lower bodily awareness of emotions in the clinical sample (n = 50; Mage = 11.66, SD = 2.25) compared to controls (n = 51; Mage = 11.73, SD = 2.32); mothers of TTH children self-reported lower emotional awareness and higher difficulties in engaging in goal-directed behavior; a higher frequency of headaches was associated with greater emotional regulation difficulties. Internalizing symptoms were predicted by higher self-reported negative affect and parent-reported internalizing symptoms, and lower self-reported ability in the verbal sharing of emotions. These findings suggest the importance of assessing the psychological features linked to children with primary headaches\u2019 psychological well-being.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children9111630","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,26]],"date-time":"2022-10-26T11:53:51Z","timestamp":1666785231000},"page":"1630","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Emotional Experience and Regulation in Juvenile Primary Headaches: A Cross-Sectional Pilot Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4218-1068","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina","family":"Miscioscia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialization, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy"},{"name":"Neuropsychiatric Unit, Department of Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Health, University Hospital of Padua, 35128 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Di Riso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialization, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Spaggiari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialization, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4017-4251","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mikael","family":"Poli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialization, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9706-4913","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giacomo","family":"Gaiga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialization, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giacomo","family":"Randazzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialization, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Federica","family":"Pelizza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuropsychiatric Unit, Department of Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Health, University Hospital of Padua, 35128 Padova, Italy"},{"name":"Juvenile Headache Center, Pediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit, Department of Woman\u2019s and Child\u2019s Health, University Hospital of Padua, 35128 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Galdiolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuropsychiatric Unit, Department of Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Health, University Hospital of Padua, 35128 Padova, Italy"},{"name":"Juvenile Headache Center, Pediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit, Department of Woman\u2019s and Child\u2019s Health, University Hospital of Padua, 35128 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessia","family":"Raffagnato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuropsychiatric Unit, Department of Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Health, University Hospital of Padua, 35128 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Sartori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Juvenile Headache Center, Pediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit, Department of Woman\u2019s and Child\u2019s Health, University Hospital of Padua, 35128 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0006-3381","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irene","family":"Toldo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Juvenile Headache Center, Pediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit, Department of Woman\u2019s and Child\u2019s Health, University Hospital of Padua, 35128 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-013-0341-z","article-title":"Epidemiology of Migraine and Headache in Children and Adolescents","volume":"17","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. 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