{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T23:06:41Z","timestamp":1791068801355,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":131,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,3]],"date-time":"2022-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667433600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"PN I+D+i 2013\u20132016 (Spain)"},{"name":"ISCIII-Sub-Directorate General for Research Assessment and Promotion and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The perception of pain is individual and differs between children and adults. The structures required to feel pain are developed at 24 weeks of gestation. However, pain assessment is complicated, especially in neonates, infants and preschool-age children. Clinical scales adapted to age are the most used methods for assessing and monitoring the degree of pain in children. They evaluate several behavioral and\/or physiological parameters related to pain. Some monitors detect the physiological changes that occur in association with painful stimuli, but they do not yet have a clear clinical use. Multimodal analgesia is recommended for pain treatment with non-pharmacological and pharmacological interventions. It is necessary to establish pharmacotherapeutic protocols for analgesia adjusted to the acute or chronic, type and intensity of pain, as well as age. The most used analgesics in children are paracetamol, ibuprofen, dipyrone, opioids (morphine and fentanyl) and local anesthetics. Patient-controlled analgesia is an adequate alternative for adolescent and older children in specific situations, such as after surgery. In patients with severe or persistent pain, it is very important to consult with specific pain services.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children9111688","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,3]],"date-time":"2022-11-03T04:49:20Z","timestamp":1667450960000},"page":"1688","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Evaluation and Treatment of Pain in Fetuses, Neonates and Children"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7786-688X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Santiago","family":"Menc\u00eda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Intensive Care Service, Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n General University Hospital, Health Research Institute of Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Salud P\u00fablica y Maternoinfantil, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Carlos III Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clara","family":"Alonso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carlos III Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Neonatology, 12 de Octubre University Hospital, 28041 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmen","family":"Pall\u00e1s-Alonso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Salud P\u00fablica y Maternoinfantil, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Carlos III Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Neonatology, 12 de Octubre University Hospital, 28041 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6105-9178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jes\u00fas","family":"L\u00f3pez-Herce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Intensive Care Service, Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n General University Hospital, Health Research Institute of Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Salud P\u00fablica y Maternoinfantil, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Carlos III Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Maternal and Child Health and Development Network II (SAMID II)","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e643","DOI":"10.1097\/PR9.0000000000000643","article-title":"The International Association for the Study of Pain definition of pain: As valid in 2018 as in 1979, but in need of regularly updated footnotes","volume":"3","author":"Treede","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pain Rep."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.1518","article-title":"Consultation prevalence among children, adolescents and young adults with pain conditions: A description of age- and gender differences","volume":"24","author":"Bondesson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. 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