{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T16:14:51Z","timestamp":1790957691593,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,4]],"date-time":"2022-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667520000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education","award":["SKN\/SP\/496778\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKN\/SP\/496778\/2021"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Allergic diseases are highly prevalent, and they can exert a significant influence on the patients\u2019 physical and mental well-being, thus affecting the quality of their lives and society as a whole. The aim of this study was to evaluate parental knowledge about allergens, allergy symptoms, and treatment of allergies, and to identify problems with adherence to an elimination diet and the underlying difficulties. Twelve kindergartens and the parents of 1350 preschoolers took part in the first stage of the study. In a screening trial, allergies were diagnosed in 197 children, and their parents participated in the second stage of the study. The child\u2019s age at the onset of the first symptoms was significantly correlated with allergy type. Age was significantly correlated with selected symptoms of an allergic reaction, and skin allergies were more prevalent in younger children. Erythema, skin reddening, and urticaria occurred more frequently in children aged 3\u20134 years (OR 1.45; 95%CI 1.24\u20131.77, p &lt; 0.05) and were diagnosed in skin tests (OR 1.36; 95%CI 1.22\u20131.59, p &lt; 0.05). Allergies to numerous food items were associated with a long-term elimination diet (OR 1.89; 95%CI 1.33\u20132.19, p &lt; 0.01), as well as problems with preparing safe meals, shopping for food, or dietary adherence when eating out. According to the respondents, lack of support from other family members and compliance with dietary restrictions in kindergartens and when eating out posed the greatest barriers to dietary adherence. Parents do not have sufficient knowledge about environmental allergens and effective strategies for coping with acute allergic reactions, including anaphylactic shock. Children with diagnosed food allergies should enjoy a similar quality of life to their healthy peers, which is why the parents should be educated about diet therapy, duration of treatment, and safe food substitutes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children9111693","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,4]],"date-time":"2022-11-04T05:54:46Z","timestamp":1667541286000},"page":"1693","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Parental Knowledge about Allergies and Problems with an Elimination Diet in Children Aged 3 to 6 Years"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8113-7372","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Malgorzata","family":"Kostecka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Life Sciences, Akademicka 15, 20-950 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Kostecka-Jarecka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Public Healthcare Center in \u0141\u0119czna, Krasnystawska 52, 21-010 \u0141\u0119czna, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julianna","family":"Kostecka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, Chod\u017aki 19, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7776-2060","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"I\u0142owiecka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food and Nutrition, Medical University of Lublin, Chod\u017aki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Kolasa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Life Sciences, Akademicka 15, 20-950 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriela","family":"Gutowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Life Sciences, Akademicka 15, 20-950 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2344-2659","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Sawic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Life Sciences, Akademicka 15, 20-950 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"147","article-title":"Epidemiologija alergijskih bolesti [Epidemiology of allergic diseases]","volume":"65","author":"Aleraj","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Med. Croat."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Mahmoudi, M. (2019). Epidemiology of Allergic Diseases, Springer. Allergy and Asthma."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1398-9995.2001.t01-1-00001.x","article-title":"EAACI (the European Academy of Allergology and Cinical Immunology) nomenclature task force. A revised nomenclature for allergy. An EAACI position statement from the EAACI nomenclature task force","volume":"56","author":"Johansson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2012.01.047","article-title":"Understanding the complexity of IgE-related phenotypes from childhood to young adulthood: A Mechanisms of the Development of Allergy (MeDALL) seminar","volume":"129","author":"Pinart","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1111\/all.12784","article-title":"The march from early life food sensitization to allergic disease: A systematic review and meta-analyses of birth cohort studies","volume":"71","author":"Alduraywish","year":"2016","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24642","DOI":"10.3402\/ecrj.v2.24642","article-title":"Epidemiology and natural history of atopic diseases","volume":"24","author":"Thomsen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Clin. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"367","article-title":"Polish multicentre study of epidemiology of allergic diseases. Prevalence and risk factors for asthma in Poland: Results from the PMSEAD study","volume":"17","author":"Liebhard","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Investig. Allergol. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"10","article-title":"Epidemiologia chor\u00f3b alergicznych w Polsce (ECAP)","volume":"1","author":"Raciborski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pol. J. Allergol."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"25","article-title":"Allergy-focused Diet History-Polish version of the European Academy of allergy and clinical Immunology tool","volume":"15","author":"Horvath","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stand. Med. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.95.08030483","article-title":"International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC): Rationale and methods","volume":"8","author":"Asher","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Jezewska-Zychowicz, M., Gawecki, J., Wadolowska, L., Czarnocinska, J., Galinski, G., Kollajtis-Dolowy, A., Roszkowski, W., Wawrzyniak, A., Przybylowicz, K., and Stasiewicz, B. (2020). KomPAN\u00ae Dietary Habits and Nutrition Beliefs Questionnaire and the Manual for Developing of Nutritional Data, Committee of Human Nutrition; Polish Academy of Sciences. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kowalkowska, J., Wadolowska, L., Hamulka, J., Wojtas, N., Czlapka-Matyasik, M., Kozirok, W., Bronkowska, M., Sadowska, J., Naliwajko, S., and Dziaduch, I. (2019). Reproducibility of a Short-Form, Multicomponent Dietary Questionnaire to Assess Food Frequency Consumption, Nutrition Knowledge, and Lifestyle (SF-FFQ4PolishChildren) in Polish Children and Adolescents. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11122929"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e31825c9482","article-title":"European Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition. Diagnostic approach and management of cow\u2019s-milk protein allergy in infants and children: ESPGHAN GI Committee practical guidelines","volume":"55","author":"Koletzko","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e9","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-0204","article-title":"The prevalence, severity, and distribution of childhood food allergy in the United States","volume":"128","author":"Gupta","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"AB216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2009.12.843","article-title":"Prevalence of allergy to multiple versus single foods in a pediatric food allergy referral practice","volume":"125","author":"Park","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2014.04.016","article-title":"What affects quality of life among caregivers of food-allergic children?","volume":"113","author":"Howe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Allery Asthma Immunol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2014.12.022","article-title":"Treatment of allergic reactions and quality of life among caregivers of food-allergic children","volume":"114","author":"Ward","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Birdi, G., Cooke, R., and Knibb, R. (2016). Quality of Life, Stress, and Mental Health in Parents of Children with Parentally Diagnosed Food Allergy Compared to Medically Diagnosed and Healthy Controls. J. Allergy, 1497375.","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/1497375"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"382","article-title":"Health-related quality of life in children with food allergy and their parents: A systematic review of the literature","volume":"24","author":"Morou","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Investig. Allergol. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.13274","article-title":"Milk allergy most burdensome in multi-food allergic children","volume":"31","author":"Abrams","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30048","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aller.2019.03.003","article-title":"Nutritional status and food intake of children with cow\u2019s milk allergy","volume":"47","author":"Boaventura","year":"2019","journal-title":"Allergol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.13389","article-title":"Biomarkers of diagnosis and resolution of food allergy","volume":"32","author":"Foong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Calvani, M., Bianchi, A., Reginelli, C., Peresso, M., and Testa, A. (2019). Oral Food Challenge. Medicina, 55.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina55100651"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1111\/all.13049","article-title":"A new framework for the documentation and interpretation of oral food challenges in population-base and clinical research","volume":"72","author":"Grabenhenrich","year":"2017","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.12066","article-title":"Testing children for allergies: Why, how, who and when","volume":"24","author":"Eigenmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2012.10.017","article-title":"Standardizing double-blind, placebo-controlled oral food challenges: American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology\u2014European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology PRACTALL consensus report","volume":"130","author":"Sampson","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1346","DOI":"10.5740\/jaoacint.19-0063","article-title":"Detection and Quantification of Allergens in Foods and Minimum Eliciting Doses in Food-Allergic Individuals (ThRAll)","volume":"102","author":"Mills","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. AOAC Int."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kok, M., Compagner, A., Panneman, I., Sprikkelman, A., and Vlieg-Boerstra, B. (2021). A Food, a Bite, a Sip: How Much Allergen Is in That?. Nutrients, 3.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13020587"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1111\/all.12429","article-title":"EAACI food allergy and anaphylaxis guidelines: Diagnosis and management of food allergy","volume":"69","author":"Muraro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedn.2014.06.012","article-title":"Living ordinary family life with an allergic child-the mother\u2019s perspective","volume":"29","author":"Alanne","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/S1081-1206(10)60908-8","article-title":"The impact of food allergy on the daily activities of children and their families","volume":"96","author":"Bollinger","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.05.001","article-title":"Longitudinal evaluation of food allergy-related bullying","volume":"2","author":"Annunziato","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Pract."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.12176","article-title":"Impact of suspected food allergy on emotional distress and family life of parents prior to allergy diagnosis","volume":"24","author":"Knibb","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s40413-016-0139-7","article-title":"The impact on quality of life on families of children on an elimination diet for Non-immunoglobulin E mediated gastrointestinal food allergies","volume":"10","author":"Meyer","year":"2017","journal-title":"World Allergy Organ. J."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2019.12.021","article-title":"Quality of life in food allergic children: Results from 174 quality-of-life patient questionnaires","volume":"124","author":"Miller","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1177\/1359104511415636","article-title":"A qualitative investigation into the maternal experience of having a young child with severe food allergy","volume":"17","author":"Rouf","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Child Psychol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"459","article-title":"The performance of parents of children receiving cow\u2019s milk free diets at identification of commercial food products with and without cow\u2019s milk","volume":"83","author":"Weber","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gupta, R.S., Kim, J.S., Springston, E.E., Pongracic, J., Wang, J., and Holl, J.A. (2009). Development of the Chicago Food Allergy Research Surveys: Assessing food allergy knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs of parents, physicians, and the general public. BMC Health Serv. Res., 9.","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-9-142"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3038.2006.00392.x","article-title":"Factors determining the ability of parents to effectively administer intramuscular adrenaline to food allergic children","volume":"17","author":"Arkwright","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatr. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3038.2010.01005.x","article-title":"Food allergy knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs of parents with food-allergic children in the United States","volume":"21","author":"Gupta","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatr. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2222.2000.00889.x","article-title":"The psychological burden of peanut allergy as perceived by adults with peanut allergy and the parents of peanut-allergic children","volume":"30","author":"Primeau","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2007.02758.x","article-title":"The psychosocial impact of anaphylaxis on young people and their parents","volume":"37","author":"Akeson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2010.02342.x","article-title":"The psychosocial impact of food allergy and food hypersensitivity in children, adolescents and their families: A review","volume":"65","author":"Cummings","year":"2010","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1097\/00042737-200205000-00012","article-title":"Social position of adolescents with chronic digestive disorders","volume":"14","author":"Calsbeek","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327558ijbm1302_3","article-title":"School and leisure activities in adolescents and young adults with chronic digestive disorders: Impact of burden of disease","volume":"13","author":"Calsbeek","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Med."}],"container-title":["Children"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/9\/11\/1693\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:10:33Z","timestamp":1760145033000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/9\/11\/1693"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,4]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["children9111693"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/children9111693","relation":{},"ISSN":["2227-9067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2227-9067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,4]]}}}