{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T04:21:40Z","timestamp":1772252500937,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,18]],"date-time":"2022-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668729600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Frans Van de Werf Fund for Clinical Cardiovascular Research"},{"name":"V.Z.W. \u2018De Kleine Hartjes\u2019"},{"name":"F.W.O. Vlaanderen"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>QTc interval measurement is a widely used screening tool to assess the risk of cardiac diseases, arrhythmias, and is a useful biomarker for pharmacovigilance. However, the interpretation of QTc is difficult in neonates due to hemodynamic maturational changes and uncertainties on reference values. To describe trends in QTc values throughout infancy (1 year of life), and to explore the impact of (non)-maturational changes and medicines exposure, a structured systematic review (PROSPERO CRD42022302296) was performed. In term neonates, a decrease was observed over the first week of life, whereafter values increased until two months of age, followed by a progressive decrease until six months. A similar pattern with longer QTc values was observed in preterms. QTc is influenced by cord clamping, hemodynamic changes, therapeutic hypothermia, illnesses and sleep, not by sex. Cisapride, domperidone and doxapram result in QTc prolongation in neonates. Further research in this age category is needed to improve primary screening practices and QTcthresholds, earlier detection of risk factors and precision pharmacovigilance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children9111771","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,18]],"date-time":"2022-11-18T03:35:23Z","timestamp":1668742523000},"page":"1771","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["QTc Interval Reference Values and Their (Non)-Maturational Factors in Neonates and Infants: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Lisa","family":"De Smet","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nathalie","family":"Devolder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Salaets","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0710-6698","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne","family":"Smits","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University Hospitals UZ Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9921-5105","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karel","family":"Allegaert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Erasmus MC, 3000 GA Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.54.3.423","article-title":"Potential role of QT interval prolongation in sudden infant death syndrome","volume":"54","author":"Maron","year":"1976","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"857","article-title":"How accurately can QT interval be measured in newborn infants?","volume":"162","author":"Suys","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. 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