{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T13:49:36Z","timestamp":1788961776731,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,24]],"date-time":"2022-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669248000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to evaluate the type and severity of neurological involvement in children with SARS-CoV-2 infection or multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) and compare these findings between the two groups. Children hospitalized with the diagnosis of COVID-19 or MIS-C at Meyer Children\u2019s Hospital between February 2020 and June 2022 were retrospectively studied. One hundred twenty-two patients were enrolled, 95 in the COVID-19 group and 27 in the MIS-C group. In the COVID-19 group, impairment of consciousness was found in 67.4% of patients, headache in 18.9% and about 16.8% of patients experienced seizures. In this group, three patients were diagnosed with arterial ischemic stroke and one patient was diagnosed with Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome (GBS). In the MIS-C group, about 70% of patients experienced consciousness impairment, about 20% behavioral changes, and another 20% mood deflection. Neurological symptoms and signs were highly heterogeneous and could be differentiated in COVID-19 and MIS-C. Consciousness impairment remained the most frequent manifestation in both groups, potentially underlying an encephalopathy. We also highlight the importance of considering psychiatric symptoms in children with COVID-19 and\/or MIS-C. Most neurological manifestations were mild in our series; however, severe complications such as ischemic stroke and GBS are worthy of note.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children9121809","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,24]],"date-time":"2022-11-24T05:09:08Z","timestamp":1669266548000},"page":"1809","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Neurological Involvement in Children with COVID-19 and MIS-C: A Retrospective Study Conducted for More than Two Years in a Pediatric Hospital"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Giulia","family":"Abbati","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatric Residency, Meyer Children\u2019s University Hospital, Viale Pieraccini 24, 50139 Florence, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Meyer Children\u2019s University Hospital, Viale Pieraccini 24, 50139 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federica","family":"Attaianese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatric Residency, Meyer Children\u2019s University Hospital, Viale Pieraccini 24, 50139 Florence, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Meyer Children\u2019s University Hospital, Viale Pieraccini 24, 50139 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Rosati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Unit, Meyer Children\u2019s University Hospital, Viale Pieraccini 24, 50139 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3830-9823","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Indolfi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NEUROFARBA Department, University of Florence, Meyer Children\u2019s University Hospital, Viale Pieraccini 24, 50139 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1105-1500","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra","family":"Trapani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Meyer Children\u2019s University Hospital, Viale Pieraccini 24, 50139 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30183-5","article-title":"Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China","volume":"395","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20200702","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2020-0702","article-title":"Epidemiology of COVID-19 Among Children in China","volume":"145","author":"Dong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.15270","article-title":"Systematic review of COVID-19 in children shows milder cases and a better prognosis than adults","volume":"109","author":"Ludvigsson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101884","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jksus.2022.101884","article-title":"Neurological complications of COVID-19 in children and the associated immunological responses","volume":"34","author":"Siddique","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. 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