{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T21:08:15Z","timestamp":1791925695262,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,26]],"date-time":"2022-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669420800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Critically ill neonates are at greater risk for adverse drug reactions (ADRs). The differentiation of ADRs from reactions associated with organ dysfunction\/immaturity or genetic variability is difficult. Methods: In this prospective cohort study, each ADR was assessed using newborn-specific severity and probability scales by the clinical pharmacist. Subsequently, a machine learning-based risk score was designed to predict ADR presence in neonates. Results: In 98\/412 (23.8%) of (56.3%; male) neonates included, 187 ADRs (0.42 ADR\/patient) were determined related to 49 different drugs (37.12%). Drugs identified as high risk were enoxaparin, dexmedetomidine, vinblastine, dornase alfa, etoposide\/carboplatin and prednisolone. The independent variables included in the risk score to predict ADR presence, according to the random forest importance criterion, were: systemic hormones (2 points), cardiovascular drugs (3 points), diseases of the circulatory system (1 point), nervous system drugs (1 point), and parenteral nutrition treatment (1 point), (cut-off value: 3 points). This risk score correctly classified 91.1% of the observations in the test set (c-index: 0.914). Conclusions: Using the high-performing risk score specific to neonates, it is expected that high-risk neonatal ADRs can be determined and prevented before they occur. Moreover, the awareness of clinicians of these drugs can be improved with this web-tool, and mitigation strategies (change of drug, dose, treatment duration, etc.) can be considered, based on a benefit-harm relationship for suspected drugs with a newborn-centered approach.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children9121826","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,28]],"date-time":"2022-11-28T03:28:49Z","timestamp":1669606129000},"page":"1826","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["An Artificial Intelligence Approach to Support Detection of Neonatal Adverse Drug Reactions Based on Severity and Probability Scores: A New Risk Score as Web-Tool"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2280-8727","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadir","family":"Yal\u00e7\u0131n","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06230, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Merve","family":"Ka\u015f\u0131kc\u0131","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06230, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hasan Tolga","family":"\u00c7elik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatology, Department of Child Health and Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06230, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9921-5105","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karel","family":"Allegaert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kutay","family":"Demirkan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06230, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u015eule","family":"Yi\u011fit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatology, Department of Child Health and Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06230, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Murat","family":"Yurdak\u00f6k","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatology, Department of Child Health and Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06230, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2114","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.285.16.2114","article-title":"Medication errors and adverse drug events in pediatric inpatients","volume":"285","author":"Kaushal","year":"2001","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21341","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-78358-3","article-title":"Effects of the number of drugs used on the prevalence of adverse drug reactions in children","volume":"10","author":"Sugioka","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. 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Assoc."}],"container-title":["Children"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/9\/12\/1826\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:27:16Z","timestamp":1760146036000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/9\/12\/1826"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,26]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["children9121826"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/children9121826","relation":{},"ISSN":["2227-9067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2227-9067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,26]]}}}