{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T07:35:20Z","timestamp":1793777720312,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,28]],"date-time":"2022-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669593600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"P\u00e4ij\u00e4t-H\u00e4me Medical Society and the Arvo and Lea Ylpp\u00f6 Foundation, Finland","award":["202210035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202210035"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This retrospective chart review study sought to explore neuropsychological profiles, neuropsychiatric and psychiatric comorbidity, changes in diagnoses, support at daycare and school, medication use, psychiatric referrals, and progression into further education in a cohort of participants with borderline intellectual functioning (BIF). Additionally, developmental factors connected to BIF were studied. Delays in language and gross motor development were the initial reasons for the parents to seek health care. Comorbid neuropsychiatric and psychiatric diagnoses were frequent, a total of 41% of participants were referred to psychiatric services, and 45% used medication. Educational support was needed by 92% of the study participants. The majority of those graduating elementary school continued their studies at ordinary or special vocational schools. The risk of dropping out during secondary studies appeared to increase. The results in most of the neuropsychological subdomains declined over time, and 23% of the participants were later diagnosed with an intellectual disability (ID). The early developmental signs pointing towards BIF and the need for prompt support were a delay in language and motor development, difficulties in executive function, a delay in learning the activities of daily living among children under school age, and difficulties in reading and arithmetic skills and abstract reasoning at school age. It is important to follow up and support individuals with BIF as their risk for being left behind in the society is increased. Also, it would be important to repeat the neuropsychological testing of cognitive and adaptive functions before graduating elementary school as to capture those who meet the ID criteria.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children9121847","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,28]],"date-time":"2022-11-28T08:43:03Z","timestamp":1669624983000},"page":"1847","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Challenges and Neuropsychological Functioning in Children and Adolescents with Borderline Intellectual Functioning"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Heli","family":"S\u00e4til\u00e4","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child Neurology, P\u00e4ij\u00e4t-H\u00e4me Central Hospital, Keskussairaalankatu 7, 15850 Lahti, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6760-0495","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura Mirjami","family":"Jolma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child Neurology, P\u00e4ij\u00e4t-H\u00e4me Central Hospital, Keskussairaalankatu 7, 15850 Lahti, Finland"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00014 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mira","family":"Meril\u00e4inen-Nipuli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Rehabilitation, P\u00e4ij\u00e4t-H\u00e4me Welfare Area, Aleksanterinkatu 11, 15110 Lahti, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2854-7927","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mikko","family":"Koivu-Jolma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Gustaf H\u00e4llstr\u00f6minkatu 2, 00014 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200102000-00012","article-title":"Impairment and deportment responses to different methylphenidate doses in children with ADHD: The MTA titration","volume":"40","author":"Greenhill","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. 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