{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T04:00:58Z","timestamp":1791000058971,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,2]],"date-time":"2022-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669939200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Inflammation and infection play an important role in the pathophysiology of cystic fibrosis, and they are significant causes of morbidity and mortality in CF. The presence of thick mucus in the CF airways predisposes to local hypoxia and promotes infection and inflammation. A vicious cycle of airway obstruction, inflammation, and infection is of critical importance for the progression of the disease, and new data elucidate the different factors that influence it. Recent research has been focused on improving infection and inflammation in addition to correcting the basic gene defect. This review aims to summarize important advances in infection and inflammation as well as the effect of new treatments modulating the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) protein. New approaches to target infection and inflammation are being studied, including gallium, nitric oxide, and phage therapy for infection, along with retinoids and neutrophil elastase inhibitors for inflammation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children9121898","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]],"date-time":"2022-12-05T02:56:26Z","timestamp":1670208986000},"page":"1898","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Inflammation and Infection in Cystic Fibrosis: Update for the Clinician"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1450-6638","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Argyri","family":"Petrocheilou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cystic Fibrosis Department, Agia Sofia Children\u2019s Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aggeliki","family":"Moudaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, First Department of Pediatrics, University of Athens School of Medicine and Agia Sophia Children\u2019s Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3592-0037","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Athanasios","family":"Kaditis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, First Department of Pediatrics, University of Athens School of Medicine and Agia Sophia Children\u2019s Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2195","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32542-3","article-title":"Cystic fibrosis","volume":"397","author":"Shteinberg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.23242","article-title":"Inflammation and its genesis in cystic fibrosis","volume":"50","author":"Nichols","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr. 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