{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T11:00:59Z","timestamp":1771066859521,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,15]],"date-time":"2022-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671062400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Guillain\u2013Barr\u00e9 syndrome (GBS) represents a group of acute immune-mediated polyradiculoneuropathies that is usually characterized by symmetrical limb weakness and areflexia. GBS can also lead to atypical clinical findings, which may lead to confusion and errors in the diagnosis. In this report, we describe a case of Guillain\u2013Barr\u00e9 syndrome in a 7-year-old child who presented with neck stiffness, headache and vomiting mimicking acute meningoencephalitis, arthritis and myositis. Symptoms of ascending paralysis developed subsequently. Clearly, the atypical presentation of GBS is a significant dilemma for pediatricians and may lead to delays in diagnosis and treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children9121969","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,15]],"date-time":"2022-12-15T04:25:26Z","timestamp":1671078326000},"page":"1969","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Diagnostic Pitfalls in Guillain\u2013Barr\u00e9 Syndrome: Case Report and Literature Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2640-8795","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vasile Valeriu","family":"Lupu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatrics, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9825-6711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ingrith","family":"Miron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatrics, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1519-9898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anca Lavinia","family":"Cianga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatrics, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Gavrilovici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatrics, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ioana","family":"Grigore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cSt. Mary\u201d Children Emergency Hospital, 700309 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexandru Gabriel","family":"David","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cSt. Mary\u201d Children Emergency Hospital, 700309 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leonard Iosif","family":"Pertea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatrics, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ecaterina","family":"Grigore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of General Medicine, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Diana Elena","family":"David","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cSt. Spiridon\u201d University Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8147-3632","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ancuta","family":"Lupu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatrics, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525699","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.525699","article-title":"Case Report: Early-Onset Guillain\u2013Barre Syndrome Mimicking Stroke","volume":"12","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-019-0250-9","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of Guillain\u2013Barr\u00e9 syndrome in ten steps","volume":"15","author":"Leonhard","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(08)70215-1","article-title":"Clinical features, pathogenesis, and treatment of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome","volume":"7","author":"Ruts","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.51.4.1110","article-title":"The spectrum of antecedent infections in Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome: A case-control study","volume":"51","author":"Jacobs","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1159\/000324710","article-title":"Population incidence of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"36","author":"Sejvar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-1331.2000.00006.x","article-title":"Incidence of Guillain-Barre syndrome in Sweden 1996","volume":"7","author":"Cheng","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1995.tb00416.x","article-title":"Guillain-Barre syndrome in south-west Stockholm, 1973\u20131991. 1. Quality of registered hospital diagnoses and incidence","volume":"91","author":"Jiang","year":"1995","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1994.tb01682.x","article-title":"Guillain-Barre syndrome in Cantabria, Spain: An epidemiological and clinical study","volume":"89","author":"Sedano","year":"1994","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"382","article-title":"Guillain-Barre syndrome: Another immune-mediated disease with a predilection for young women?","volume":"85","author":"Riggs","year":"1989","journal-title":"West Va. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1987.tb120153.x","article-title":"Guillain-Barre syndrome in Western Australia, 1980\u20131985","volume":"146","author":"Hankey","year":"1987","journal-title":"Med. J. Aust."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/77.3.1297","article-title":"Age specific incidence of Guillain-Barre syndrome in Oxfordshire","volume":"77","author":"Winner","year":"1990","journal-title":"QJM Int. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"7812","article-title":"Epidemiological survey of the incidence of Guillain-Barre syndrome in Harbin from 1997 to 1999","volume":"34","author":"Zhang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chin. J. Clin. Rehab."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.2004.00272.x","article-title":"Registry Study Group: Incidence and clinical features of acute inflammatory polyradiculoneuropathy in Lombardy, Italy, 1996","volume":"110","author":"Bogliun","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1159\/000213529","article-title":"Guillain-Barre syndrome in the elderly: A retrospective comparative study","volume":"39","author":"Sridharan","year":"1993","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.13181","article-title":"Systematic review of factors associated with the development of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome 2007\u20132017, what has changed?","volume":"24","author":"Wachira","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1159\/000184748","article-title":"The epidemiology of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome worldwide. A systematic literature review","volume":"32","author":"McGrogan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"245","article-title":"Epidemiology of Guillain-Barre syndrome in Campania (South Italy)","volume":"23","author":"Vizoli","year":"1983","journal-title":"Acta Neurol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barzegar, M., Dastgiri, S., Karegarmaher, M.H., and Varshochiani, A. (2007). Epidemiology of childhood Guillan-Barre syndrome in the north west of Iran. BMC Neurol., 7.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2377-7-22"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-282X2002000300005","article-title":"Guillain Barre syndrome in a population less than 15 years old in Brazil","volume":"60","author":"Kuckelhaus","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arq Neuropsiquiatr."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1445-5994.1989.tb00335.x","article-title":"Guillain-Barre syndrome and related conditions in Victorian teaching hospitals 1980\u20131984","volume":"19","author":"Storey","year":"1989","journal-title":"Aust. N. Z. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1159\/000110254","article-title":"Incidence of the Guillain-Barre syndrome in Ferrara, Northern Italy, 1981\u20131987","volume":"10","author":"Paolino","year":"1991","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1007\/s004150050505","article-title":"The frequency of clinical variants of Guillain-Barre syndrome in Ferrara, Italy","volume":"246","author":"Govoni","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.54.3.620","article-title":"Mild forms of Guillain-Barre syndrome in an epidemiologic survey in The Netherlands","volume":"54","author":"Schmitz","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.62.5.447","article-title":"Epidemiological features of Guillain-Barre syndrome in Sweden 1978\u20131993","volume":"62","author":"Jiang","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"544","article-title":"Report of five children with Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome following a nationwide oral polio vaccine campaign in Turkey","volume":"51","author":"Anlar","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurol. India"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"87","article-title":"Guillain-Barre syndrome occurring after rabies vaccination","volume":"55","author":"Siddiqui","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Pak. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2010.11.008","article-title":"Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome as a prominent cause of childhood acute flaccid paralysis in postpolio eradication era in Egypt","volume":"15","author":"Halawa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Paediatr. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-015-0405-4","article-title":"Guillain-Barre syndrome following oral polio vaccination","volume":"22","author":"Naeem","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurovirol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2022.10.084","article-title":"SAEFVIC and VicSIS investigators. Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome temporally associated with COVID-19 vaccines in Victoria, Australia","volume":"40","author":"Osowicki","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2022.120330","article-title":"COVID-19 vaccine-related Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome in the Liguria region of Italy: A multicenter case series","volume":"440","author":"Germano","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2014.121","article-title":"Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome: Pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis","volume":"10","author":"Walgaard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00517-1","article-title":"Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome","volume":"397","author":"Shahrizaila","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"565","article-title":"Criteria for diagnosis of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome","volume":"3","author":"Asbury","year":"1978","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S21","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410270707","article-title":"Assessment of current diagnostic criteria for Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome","volume":"27","author":"Asbury","year":"1990","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"1462","article-title":"Sur un syndrome de radiculo-nevrite avec hyperalbuminose du liquode cephalo-rachidien sans reaction cellulaire: Remarques sur les caracteres cliniques et graphiques des reflexes tendineux [radiculoneuritis syndrome with hyperalbuminosis of cerebrospinal fluid without cellular reaction. Notes on clinical features and graphs of tendon reflexes]","volume":"40","author":"Guillain","year":"1916","journal-title":"Bell. Mem. Soc. Med. Paris"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2574","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2009191","article-title":"Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome associated with SARS-CoV-2","volume":"382","author":"Toscano","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760889","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.760889","article-title":"Anti-ganglioside Antibodies in Guillain-Barre Syndrome: A Novel Immunoblotting-Panel Assay","volume":"12","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410440512","article-title":"Electrophysiological classification of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome: Clinical associations and outcome","volume":"44","author":"Hadden","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2020.01.003","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome in childhood and adolescence: An evidence- and consensus-based guideline","volume":"25","author":"Korinthenberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Paediatr. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)00339-1","article-title":"Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome","volume":"388","author":"Willison","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1111\/jns5.12068","article-title":"Long-term outcome of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome in children","volume":"19","author":"Roodbol","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Peripher. Nerv. Syst."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"CD002063","article-title":"Intravenous immunoglobulin for Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome","volume":"19","author":"Hughes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"2568","article-title":"Immunotherapy of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum. VaccImmunoth."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.54.11.957","article-title":"Treatment related fluctuations in Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome after high-dose immunoglobulins or plasma-exchange","volume":"54","author":"Kleyweg","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2294","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1114525","article-title":"Guillain\u2013Barr\u00e9 syndrome","volume":"366","author":"Yuki","year":"2012","journal-title":"N. Engl. Med."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2011-301882","article-title":"Outcome and its predictors in Guillain\u2013Barr\u00e9 syndrome","volume":"83","author":"Rajabally","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awt285","article-title":"Diagnosis of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome and validation of Brighton criteria","volume":"137","author":"Fokke","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1680","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181e07d14","article-title":"Distinguishing acute-onset CIDP from fluctuating Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome: A prospective study","volume":"74","author":"Ruts","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qinrong, H., Yuxia, C., Ling, L., Huayu, L., Lei, X., Xiaoli, L., and Nong, X. (Dev. Med. Child Neurol., 2022). Reliability and validity of prognostic indicators for Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome in children, Dev. Med. Child Neurol., early view.","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.15418"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1111\/jns.12320","article-title":"The utility of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome prognostic models in Malaysian patients","volume":"24","author":"Tan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Peripher. Nerv. Syst."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-021-00467-y","article-title":"Guillain\u2013Barr\u00e9 syndrome in low-income and middle-income countries: Challenges and prospects","volume":"17","author":"Papri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11795735221102740","DOI":"10.1177\/11795735221102740","article-title":"Neurological Manifestations Associated With SARS-CoV-2 in Children: A Case Series","volume":"14","author":"Venceslau","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cent. Nerv. Syst. Dis."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2015.12.030","article-title":"Hemiparetic Guillain-Barre syndrome","volume":"363","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2050313X19838750","DOI":"10.1177\/2050313X19838750","article-title":"Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome with unilateral peripheral facial and bulbar palsy in a child: A case report","volume":"7","author":"Sharma","year":"2019","journal-title":"SAGE Open Med. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"e29261","article-title":"A Severe Pharyngeal-Sensory-Ataxic Variant of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 Syndrome with Transient Cardiac Dysfunction and a Positive Anti-sulfatide IgM","volume":"14","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1002\/jdn.10225","article-title":"Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome with unilateral peripheral facial paralysis in a Chinese child","volume":"82","author":"Xue","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Dev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31820e7b62","article-title":"Recognizing Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome in preschool children","volume":"76","author":"Roodbol","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1986.00520110044012","article-title":"Unusual clinical variants and signs in Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome","volume":"43","author":"Ropper","year":"1986","journal-title":"Arch Neurol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.4314\/ahs.v22i2.14","article-title":"Acute flaccid paralysis incidence rate and epidemiology in children in Lebanon: A rise in numbers in the post-vaccination and refugee crisis era","volume":"22","author":"Safi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Afr. Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2089","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31821f468f","article-title":"Paraneoplastic isolated myelopathy: Clinical course and neuroimaging clues","volume":"76","author":"Flanagan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e329","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000003550","article-title":"Guillain-Barr\u00e9 Syndrome Associated with Acute Toxoplasmosis in a 3-Year-old Boy","volume":"41","author":"Satostegui","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idcr.2022.e01432","article-title":"Early Lyme disease-associated Guillain Barre Syndrome: A case report","volume":"27","author":"Schrestha","year":"2022","journal-title":"IDCases"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Finsterer, J. (2022). Triggers of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 Syndrome: Campylobacter jejuni Predominates. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232214222"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1002\/jca.22020","article-title":"Successful treatment with therapeutic plasmapheresis of a pediatric patient with Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome associated with neurobrucellosis","volume":"37","author":"Varol","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Apher."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-1742721","article-title":"Post-CMV Guillain-Barr\u00e9 Syndrome with Anti-GM2 Antibodies: Two Cases and a Review of the Literature","volume":"53","author":"Manaud","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuropediatrics"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1097\/NRL.0000000000000397","article-title":"Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Masquerading as Guillain-Barr\u00e9 Syndrome","volume":"27","author":"Ali","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurologist"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alonso Castillo, R., and Mart\u00ednez Castrillo, J.C. (2022). Neurological manifestations associated with COVID-19 vaccine. Neurologia, ahead of print.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nrleng.2022.09.007"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.9758\/cpn.2022.20.4.777","article-title":"Guillain-Barre Syndrome Following SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination: A Case Report","volume":"20","author":"Gunawan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Psychopharmacol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5791","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2022.08.038","article-title":"No significant increase in Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome after COVID-19 vaccination in adults: A vaccine adverse event reporting system study","volume":"40","author":"Jaffry","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1007\/s12026-022-09316-6","article-title":"Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome in association with COVID-19 vaccination: A systematic review","volume":"70","author":"Abolmaali","year":"2022","journal-title":"Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"e8318","article-title":"Significance of Brighton Criteria in the Early Diagnosis and Management of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 Syndrome","volume":"12","author":"Ghazanfar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2866","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awy232","article-title":"Regional variation of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome","volume":"141","author":"Doets","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1111\/jns.12104","article-title":"Cytoalbuminologic dissociation in Asian patients with Guillain-Barr\u00e9 and Miller Fisher syndromes","volume":"20","author":"Wong","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Peripher. Nerv. Syst."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e245455","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2021-245455","article-title":"Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) associated with COVID-19 infection that resolved without treatment in a child","volume":"15","author":"Kanou","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"CD001798","article-title":"Plasma exchange for Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome","volume":"2","author":"Chevret","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)15324-X","article-title":"Effect of methylprednisolone when added to standard treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin for Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome: Randomised trial","volume":"363","author":"Schmitz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182104407","article-title":"Early recognition of poor prognosis in Guillain-Barre syndrome","volume":"76","author":"Walgaard","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1111\/jns.12234","article-title":"Markers for Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome with poor prognosis: A multi-center study","volume":"22","author":"Yamagishi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Peripher. Nerv. Syst."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e518","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000013139","article-title":"Predicting outcome in Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome: International validation of the modified Erasmus GBS outcome score","volume":"98","author":"Doets","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1111\/jns.12215","article-title":"High mortality from Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome in Bangladesh","volume":"22","author":"Ishaque","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Peripher. Nerv. Syst."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2211","DOI":"10.1111\/jpc.16185","article-title":"Assessment of neurological sequelae and new-onset symptoms in the long-term follow-up of paediatric Guillain-Barre syndrome: A longitudinal study from India","volume":"58","author":"Sugumar","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Paediatr. Child Health"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1007\/s13760-022-01960-x","article-title":"A novel prognostic system based on clinical and laboratory parameters for childhood Guillain-Barre syndrome","volume":"122","author":"Tiwari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. Belg."}],"container-title":["Children"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/9\/12\/1969\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:41:49Z","timestamp":1760146909000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/9\/12\/1969"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,15]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["children9121969"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/children9121969","relation":{},"ISSN":["2227-9067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2227-9067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,15]]}}}