{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T17:42:52Z","timestamp":1790617372838,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,15]],"date-time":"2022-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671062400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Australian National Health and Medical Research Council","award":["APP1187763"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APP1187763"]}]},{"name":"Lions Eye Donation Service","award":["APP1187763"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APP1187763"]}]},{"name":"Keratoconus Australia","award":["APP1187763"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APP1187763"]}]},{"name":"Perpetual Impact Philanthropy grant","award":["APP1187763"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APP1187763"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Children"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This review discusses the current practices, attitudes, and trends in diagnosing and managing keratoconus (KC) in adults and children by optometrists and ophthalmologists in order to highlight the differences on a global scale. Two independent reviewers searched the electronic databases and grey literature for all potential articles published from 1 January 2000 to 1 June 2022 on management of KC. Keywords used in searches included \u201ckeratoconus\u201d, \u201cdiagnosis\u201d, \u201cmanagement\u201d, \u201ctreatment\u201d, \u201cattitude\u201d, \u201cpractices\u201d, \u201copinion\u201d, \u201coptometrist\u201d, \u201cophthalmologist\u201d, \u201cconsensus\u201d, and \u201cprotocol\u201d. A total of 19 articles was included in this review\u201412 from the database search and seven from the grey literature. Although a common stepwise approach of non-surgical management was noted, there were differences in the rates of prescribing rigid gas permeable lenses. Furthermore, while clinicians agreed on the need for early diagnosis, the timeline and type of referral varied significantly. A similar discordance was found in the milestones for surgical intervention and preferred surgical techniques. Practice patterns in keratoconus diagnosis and management vary throughout the world. Multiple recommendations and suggestions to minimise the differences have been provided in the literature, with the main themes being improvement in education, interdisciplinary patient care, and further research to reach consensus.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/children9121973","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,16]],"date-time":"2022-12-16T02:16:41Z","timestamp":1671157001000},"page":"1973","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Diagnosis and Management of Keratoconus\u2014A Narrative Review of Clinicians\u2019 Perspectives"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4412-3964","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Minji","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Eye Research Australia, Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia"},{"name":"Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tanya","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Eye Research Australia, Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia"},{"name":"Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Moktar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Eye Research Australia, Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia"},{"name":"Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elsie","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Eye Research Australia, Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia"},{"name":"Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia"},{"name":"Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elaine W","family":"Chong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Eye Research Australia, Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia"},{"name":"Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia"},{"name":"Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9528-7005","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark","family":"Daniell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Eye Research Australia, Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia"},{"name":"Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia"},{"name":"Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1945-7209","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Srujana","family":"Sahebjada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Eye Research Australia, Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia"},{"name":"Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gatinel, D., Tello, A., Ni\u00f1o, C., Translateur, A., Lugo, I.K., and Berrospi, R.D. 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Mag."}],"container-title":["Children"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/9\/12\/1973\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:42:13Z","timestamp":1760146933000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9067\/9\/12\/1973"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,15]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["children9121973"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/children9121973","relation":{},"ISSN":["2227-9067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2227-9067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,15]]}}}